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Neuroinflammation
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===<span id="ONS_pathway">Oxidative and nitrosative stress</span>=== The '''oxidative and nitrosative stress pathway''' or '''O&NS pathway''' results in tissue damage which could lead to neuroimflammation in [[ME/CFS]]. [[File:CauseofCFSME.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Scheme of cascade events in CFS/ME/SEID showing O&N pathway.Source: Eur Jrnl of Translational Myology 28(3).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Pietrangelo | first = Tiziana | last2 = Fulle | first2 = Stefania | last3 = Coscia | first3 = Francesco | last4 = Gigliotti | first4 = Paola Virginia | last5 = Fanò-Illic | first5 = Giorgio | date = 2018-09-07 | title = Old muscle in young body: an aphorism describing the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2018.7688|journal=European Journal of Translational Myology|volume=28|issue=3|doi=10.4081/ejtm.2018.7688|issn=2037-7460}}</ref> License: CC-BY-NC-4.0]] Neuroinflammation may also be related to excess [[oxygen]] and nitrogen molecules in tissues. This can cause oxidative or nitrosative stress (O&NS), leading to tissue damage. The O&NS pathway helps maintain the blood brain barrier, an important membrane keeping the brain protected from harmful substances present in the blood. When the pathway is dysfunctional, the blood-brain barrier becomes less effective at keeping out particles. Breakdown of this barrier could lead to immune cells entering the brain and trigger an immune response, leading to neuroinflammation. Researchers propose a link between the dysfunction of brain tissues in ME/CFS and the breakdown of the oxidative and nitrosative stress pathway.<ref name=":3" /> {{See also|Nitrogen hypothesis}}
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