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Neopterin
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'''Neopterin''' is part of the pteridin class of molecules. Neopterin acts as a marker for [[immune system]] activation and [[neuroinflammation]].<ref name="scidirect-0101">{{Cite book | last = Verheul | first = Cassandra | last2 = Kleijn | first2 = Anne | last3 = Lamfers | first3 = Martine L. M. | date = 2018-01-01 | editor-last = Deisenhammer | editor-first = Florian|editor2-last=Teunissen| editor2-first = Charlotte E.|editor3-last=Tumani|editor3-first=Hayrettin | title = Chapter 10 - Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of malignancies located in the central nervous system|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128042793000101|series=Cerebrospinal Fluid in Neurologic Disorders|language=en|publisher=Elsevier|volume=146|pages=139–169}}</ref><ref name="scidir-2098" /> Neopterin is found in [[blood]] serum, urine, tears, [[Cerebrospinal fluid]].<ref name="DictRheumatology" /><ref name="Laurs2019">{{Cite journal | last = Macdonald-Laurs | first = Emma | last2 = Koirala | first2 = Archana | last3 = Britton | first3 = Philip N. | last4 = Rawlinson | first4 = William | last5 = Hiew | first5 = Chee Chung | last6 = Mcrae | first6 = Jocelynne | last7 = Dale | first7 = Russell C. | last8 = Jones | first8 = Cheryl | last9 = Macartney | first9 = Kristine | date = 2019-01-01 | title = CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090379818302034|journal=European Journal of Paediatric Neurology|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=204–213|doi=10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009|issn=1090-3798}}</ref> Neopterin in cerebrospinal fluid has also been suggested as a possible biomarker for flu-associated encephalopathy in children.<ref name="Laurs2019" /> ==Function== Neopterin is also a metabolite of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) that is produced by a type of white blood cell known as [[macrophage]]s after [[interferon gamma|IFN-γ]] stimulation.<ref name="DictRheumatology">{{Cite book | title = Dictionary of Rheumatology|isbn=978-3-319-21335-4|language=en | url =https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_TuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217&dq=neopterin+dictionary&hl=en& | date = 2015-11-16|publisher=Springer | last = Rovenský | first = Jozef | last2 = Payer | first2 = Juraj | last3 = Herold | first3 = Manfred}}</ref> Research on brains affected by Alzheimer's disease has shown levels of neopterin are five times higher than in healthy brains. Some evidence suggests that microglia may produce neopterin during physiological stress, and that neopterin may have a protective role in response to damage or inflammation.<ref name="scidir-2098">{{Cite book | last = Colette Daubner | first = S. | last2 = Lanzas | first2 = Ronald O. | date = 2018-01-01 | title = Pteridines☆|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383662098|language=en|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-801238-3}}</ref> ==ME/CFS== Maes et al. (2012) found that levels of [[lysozyme]] and neopterin were significantly higher in patients with [[ME/CFS]] compared to patients with [[chronic fatigue]] and healthy controls.<ref name=Maes2012 /> ==Notable studies == *2012, Evidence for [[inflammation]] and activation of cell-mediated immunity in [[ME/CFS|Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)]]: increased [[Interleukin 1|interleukin-1]], [[TNF-alpha|tumor necrosis factor-α]], PMN-elastase, lysozyme and neopterin.<ref name=Maes2012>{{Cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Twisk | first2 = Frank N.M. | authorlink2 = Frank Twisk | authorlink3 = Marta Kubera | last3 = Kubera | first3 = Marta | last4 = Ringel | first4 = Karl | date = Feb 2012 | title = Evidence for inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Increased interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, PMN-elastase, lysozyme and neopterin | url =http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032711005301|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=136|issue=3 | pages = 933–939|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.004|issn=0165-0327|via=}}</ref> - [[pubmed:21975140|(Abstract)]] * 2021, The Reification of the Clinical Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) as an Immune and Oxidative Stress Disorder: Construction of a Data-Driven Nomothethic Network and Exposure of ME/CFS Subgroups<ref name="Maes2021">{{Cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Kubera | first2 = Marta | authorlink2 = | last3 = Stoyanova | first3 = Kristina | authorlink3 = | last4 = Leunis | first4 = Jean-Claude | authorlink4 = | date = 2021-01-29 | title = The Reification of the Clinical Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) as an Immune and Oxidative Stress Disorder: Construction of a Data-Driven Nomothethic Network and Exposure of ME/CFS Subgroups|url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202101.0623/v1|journal=Preprints|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.20944/preprints202101.0623.v1|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=Feb 12, 2021|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348868130_The_reification_of_the_clinical_diagnosis_of_myalgic_encephalomyelitis_chronic_fatigue_syndrome_MECFS_as_an_immune_and_oxidative_stress_disorder_construction_of_a_data-_driven_nomothethic_network_and_ (Full text)] ==See also== * [[Interferon gamma]] (IFN-γ) * [[Lysozyme]] * [[Oxidative and nitrosative pathway]] (O&NS) ==Learn more== ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Immunology]] [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]]
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