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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
(section)
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==ME/CFS== In 2015, a relatively large German study found 29% of [[ME/CFS]] patients had elevated autoantibodies to M3 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as [[Adrenergic_receptor#Beta_adrenergic_receptors|Ξ²2 adrenergic receptors]].<ref name="Loebel2016">{{Cite journal | last = Loebel | first = Madlen | last2 = Grabowski | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Heidecke | first3 = Harald | last4 = Bauer | first4 = Sandra | last5 = Hanitsch | first5 = Leif G. | last6 = Wittke | first6 = Kirsten | last7 = Meisel | first7 = Christian | last8 = Reinke | first8 = Petra | last9 = Volk | first9 = Hans-Dieter | date = Feb 2016 | title = Antibodies to Ξ² adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399744|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=52|pages=32β39|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013|issn=1090-2139|pmid=26399744}}</ref> In 2020, a small Sweden study confirmed these results in two different patient cohorts.<ref name=Bynke2020 /> The study assessed patients with moderate ME who met the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Canadian]] and [[International Consensus Criteria|international consensus criteria]] for [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]], plus the [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease]] criteria, and found that the majority of patients had raised blood plasma concentration of Ξ²1 and Ξ²2 [[adrenergic receptor]] autoantibodies, and M3 and M4 muscarinic receptor autoantibodies. Levels in [[cerebrospinal fluid]] levels were normal. Only 25% of healthy controls had raised autoantibody levels.<ref name=Bynke2020 /> These findings supported the [[autoimmune hypothesis]] for a subset of patients.
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