Migraine: Difference between revisions

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'''Migraine''' headaches commonly occur in people with [[ME/CFS]].  In a 2011 study by Ravindran, et al, migraine headaches were found in 84%, and tension-type headaches in 81% of a cohort of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients.<ref name=":0" />  This compared to 5% and 45%, respectively, in a cohort of healthy controls.<ref name=":0" />  
'''Migraines''' commonly occur in people with [[ME/CFS]].  In a 2011 study by Ravindran, et al, migraine headaches were found in 84%, and tension-type headaches in 81% of a cohort of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients.<ref name="Ravindran2011" />  This compared to 5% and 45%, respectively, in a cohort of healthy controls.<ref name="Ravindran2011" />  


==Symptoms==
==Symptoms==
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</ol>


:Migraines without aura may also be called '''common migraine'<nowiki/>'' or  '''''<nowiki/>''hemicrania simplex''.<ref name="ICHD-3">{{Cite journal|last=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society|date=2018|title=The International Classification of Headache Disorders|edition=3rd|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202|journal=Cephalalgia|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=1–211|doi=10.1177/0333102417738202|issn=0333-1024}}</ref>
:Migraines without aura may also be called '''common migraine'' or  '''hemicrania simplex'''.<ref name="ICHD-3">{{Cite journal|last=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society|date=2018|title=The International Classification of Headache Disorders|edition=3rd|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202|journal=Cephalalgia|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=1–211|doi=10.1177/0333102417738202|issn=0333-1024}}</ref>


===Migraine with aura diagnostic criteria===
===Migraine with aura diagnostic criteria===
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==Migraines in ME/CFS==
==Migraines in ME/CFS==
Migraines is one of several illnesses or conditions experienced alongside of ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ammes.org/overlapping-conditions/|title=Overlapping Conditions – American ME and CFS Society|website=ammes.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref><br>
Migraines is one of several illnesses or conditions experienced alongside of ME/CFS.<ref name="ammes">{{Cite web|url=https://ammes.org/overlapping-conditions/|title=Overlapping Conditions – American ME and CFS Society|website=ammes.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref><br>


The [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] recognizes migraines in the [[:Category:Neurological signs and symptoms |possible neurological symptoms]] of [[ME/CFS]].
The [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] recognizes migraines in the [[:Category:Neurological signs and symptoms |possible neurological symptoms]] of [[ME/CFS]].
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=== Migraine attack treatments ===
=== Migraine attack treatments ===
*General [[analgesic|pain medications]], including [[acetaminophen]] and [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories]] (NSAID), for mild to moderate migraines. Different types of medications are sometimes combined, for example acetaminophen and [[naproxen]].<ref name="Khan2021">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Johra|last2=Asoom|first2=Lubna Ibrahim Al|last3=Sunni|first3=Ahmad Al|last4=Rafique|first4=Nazish|last5=Latif|first5=Rabia|last6=Saif|first6=Seham Al|last7=Almandil|first7=Noor B.|last8=Almohazey|first8=Dana|last9=AbdulAzeez|first9=Sayed|date=2021-07-01|title=Genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, and prevention of migraine|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332221003425|journal=Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy|language=en|volume=139|pages=111557|doi=10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111557|issn=0753-3322}}</ref>
*General [[analgesic|pain medications]], including [[acetaminophen]] and [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories]] (NSAID), for mild to moderate migraines. Different types of medications are sometimes combined, for example acetaminophen and [[naproxen]].<ref name="Khan2021">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Johra|last2=Asoom|first2=Lubna Ibrahim Al|last3=Sunni|first3=Ahmad Al|last4=Rafique|first4=Nazish|last5=Latif|first5=Rabia|last6=Saif|first6=Seham Al|last7=Almandil|first7=Noor B.|last8=Almohazey|first8=Dana|last9=AbdulAzeez|first9=Sayed|date=2021-07-01|title=Genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, and prevention of migraine|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332221003425|journal=Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy|language=en|volume=139|pages=111557|doi=10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111557|issn=0753-3322}}</ref>
*[[:Category:Triptans|Triptans]] for moderate or severe migraine e.g. [[sumatriptan]] (Imitrex): 13 out of 14 newly diagnosed migraine subjects responded to sumatriptan in one [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patient cohort<ref name=":0" /> or [[zomitriptan]] (Zomig)<ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/migraine.html|title=Migraine Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref>
*[[:Category:Triptans|Triptans]] for moderate or severe migraine e.g. [[sumatriptan]] (Imitrex): 13 out of 14 newly diagnosed migraine subjects responded to sumatriptan in one [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patient cohort<ref name="Ravindran2011" /> or [[zomitriptan]] (Zomig)<ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/migraine.html|title=Migraine Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref>
*Small molecule [[:Category:CGRP antagonists|CGRP antagonists]], known as [[:Category:Gepants|gepants]], which are the newest group of migraine drugs<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Negro|first=Andrea|author-link=|last2=Martelletti|first2=Paolo|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|author-link3=|date=Jun 2019|title=Gepants for the treatment of migraine|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31081399/|journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs|volume=28|issue=6|pages=555–567|doi=10.1080/13543784.2019.1618830|issn=1744-7658|pmc=|pmid=31081399|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
*Small molecule [[:Category:CGRP antagonists|CGRP antagonists]], known as [[:Category:Gepants|gepants]], which are the newest group of migraine drugs<ref name="Negro2019">{{Cite journal|last=Negro|first=Andrea|author-link=|last2=Martelletti|first2=Paolo|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|author-link3=|date=Jun 2019|title=Gepants for the treatment of migraine|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31081399/|journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs|volume=28|issue=6|pages=555–567|doi=10.1080/13543784.2019.1618830|issn=1744-7658|pmc=|pmid=31081399|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>


=== Migraine prevention ===
=== Migraine prevention ===
*[[Migraine elimination diet|Migraine elimination diets]], which rely on identifying particular foods, drinks or additives that trigger migraines, for example avoiding food or drinks containing [[nitrates]] or [[tyramine]]<ref name=":2" />
*[[Migraine elimination diet]]s, which rely on identifying particular foods, drinks or additives that trigger migraines, for example avoiding food or drinks containing [[nitrates]] or [[tyramine]]<ref name="Khan2021" /><ref name="NHS" />
*CGRP antagonists, particularly [[Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody|CGRP monoclonal antibodies]] but possibly some gepants<ref name=":1" />
*CGRP antagonists, particularly [[Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody|CGRP monoclonal antibodies]] but possibly some gepants<ref name="Negro2019" />
*Drugs developed for other uses that are known to reduce migraines, including propranolol, [[amitriptyline]] (Elavil), [[topiramate]] (Topamax) or botulinum toxin type A (Botox injections)<ref name=":1" />
*Drugs developed for other uses that are known to reduce migraines, including propranolol, [[amitriptyline]] (Elavil), [[topiramate]] (Topamax) or botulinum toxin type A (Botox injections)<ref name="Negro2019" /><ref name="NHS" />
*Acupuncture<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/prevention/|title=Migraine - Prevention|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2017-10-23|website=[[National Health Service]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref>
*Acupuncture<ref name="NHS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/prevention/|title=Migraine - Prevention|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2017-10-23|website=[[National Health Service]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref>
*[[Daith piercing]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cascio Rizzo|first=Angelo|last2=Paolucci|first2=Matteo|last3=Altavilla|first3=Riccardo|last4=Brunelli|first4=Nicoletta|last5=Assenza|first5=Federica|last6=Altamura|first6=Claudia|last7=Vernieri|first7=Fabrizio|date=2017|title=Daith Piercing in a Case of Chronic Migraine: A Possible Vagal Modulation|journal=Frontiers in Neurology|language=English|volume=8|pages=|doi=10.3389/fneur.2017.00624|issn=1664-2295|pmc=5711775|pmid=29230190|via=}}</ref>
*[[Daith piercing]], a type of ear piercings not routinely recommended<ref name="Cascio2017">{{Cite journal|last=Cascio Rizzo|first=Angelo|last2=Paolucci|first2=Matteo|last3=Altavilla|first3=Riccardo|last4=Brunelli|first4=Nicoletta|last5=Assenza|first5=Federica|last6=Altamura|first6=Claudia|last7=Vernieri|first7=Fabrizio|date=2017|title=Daith Piercing in a Case of Chronic Migraine: A Possible Vagal Modulation|journal=Frontiers in Neurology|language=English|volume=8|pages=|doi=10.3389/fneur.2017.00624|issn=1664-2295|pmc=5711775|pmid=29230190|via=}}</ref>
* Natural or alternative dietary supplements including [[magnesium]], [[feverfew]], the B vitamin [[riboflavin]], [[CoQ10]], and others.<ref name="Sun2011">{{Cite journal|last=Sun-Edelstein|first=Christina|author-link=|last2=Mauskop|first2=Alexander|author-link2=|date=Mar 2011|title=Alternative Headache Treatments: Nutraceuticals, Behavioral and Physical Treatments: March 2011|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x|journal=Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain|language=en|volume=51|issue=3|pages=469–483|doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Barmherzig2021">{{Cite journal|last=Barmherzig|first=Rebecca|last2=Rajapakse|first2=Thilinie|date=2021-05-10|title=Nutraceuticals and Behavioral Therapy for Headache|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-021-01120-3|journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|language=en|volume=21|issue=7|pages=33|doi=10.1007/s11910-021-01120-3|issn=1534-6293}}</ref><ref name="Sun2009">{{Cite journal|last=Sun-Edelstein|first=Christina|author-link=|last2=Mauskop|first2=Alexander|author-link2=|date=Jun 2009|title=Foods and Supplements in the Management of Migraine Headaches|url=https://journals.lww.com/clinicalpain/Abstract/2009/06000/Foods_and_Supplements_in_the_Management_of.15.aspx|journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain|language=en-US|volume=25|issue=5|pages=446–452|doi=10.1097/AJP.0b013e31819a6f65|issn=0749-8047|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [[Butterbur]] is not recommended due to liver toxicity.<ref name="NCCIH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/dietary-supplements-for-headaches-science|title=Dietary Supplements for Headaches: What the Science Says|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref>


==Notable studies==
==Notable studies==
*2011, Migraine headaches in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS): comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ravindran|first=Murugan K|last2=Zheng|first2=Yin|last3=Timbol|first3=Christian|last4=Merck|first4=Samantha J|last5=Baraniuk|first5=James N|author-link5=James Baraniuk|date=5 Mar 2011|title=Migraine headaches in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058027/|journal=BMC Neurology|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/1471-2377-11-30|issn=1471-2377|pmc=|pmid=21375763|via=}}</ref>
*2011, Migraine headaches in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS): comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies.<ref name="Ravindran2011">{{Cite journal|last=Ravindran|first=Murugan K|last2=Zheng|first2=Yin|last3=Timbol|first3=Christian|last4=Merck|first4=Samantha J|last5=Baraniuk|first5=James N|author-link5=James Baraniuk|date=5 Mar 2011|title=Migraine headaches in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058027/|journal=BMC Neurology|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/1471-2377-11-30|issn=1471-2377|pmc=|pmid=21375763|via=}}</ref>
*2013, Migraine in [[Gulf War Illness|gulf war illness]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]: Prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayhan|first=Rakib U.|last2=Ravindran|first2=Murugan K.|last3=Baraniuk|first3=James N.|date=2013|title=Migraine in gulf war illness and chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23898301|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=4|pages=181|doi=10.3389/fphys.2013.00181|issn=1664-042X|pmid=23898301|via=}}</ref>  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3721020/ (Full Text)]
*2013, Migraine in [[Gulf War Illness|gulf war illness]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]: Prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation.<ref name="Rayhan">{{Cite journal|last=Rayhan|first=Rakib U.|last2=Ravindran|first2=Murugan K.|last3=Baraniuk|first3=James N.|date=2013|title=Migraine in gulf war illness and chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23898301|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=4|pages=181|doi=10.3389/fphys.2013.00181|issn=1664-042X|pmid=23898301|via=}}</ref>  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3721020/ (Full Text)]
*2016, Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the [[American Gut Project]] Cohort<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonzalez|first=Antonio|last2=Hyde|first2=Embriette|last3=Sangwan|first3=Naseer|last4=Gilbert|first4=Jack A.|last5=Virre|first5=Erik|last6=Knight|first6=Rob|date=Oct 18, 2016|title=Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort|url=https://msystems.asm.org/content/msys/1/5/e00105-16.full.pdf|journal=American Society for Microbiology|volume=1|issue=5|pages=|via=}}</ref> [https://msystems.asm.org/content/msys/1/5/e00105-16.full.pdf (Full Text)]
*2016, Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the [[American Gut Project]] Cohort<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonzalez|first=Antonio|last2=Hyde|first2=Embriette|last3=Sangwan|first3=Naseer|last4=Gilbert|first4=Jack A.|last5=Virre|first5=Erik|last6=Knight|first6=Rob|date=Oct 18, 2016|title=Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort|url=https://msystems.asm.org/content/msys/1/5/e00105-16.full.pdf|journal=American Society for Microbiology|volume=1|issue=5|pages=|via=}}</ref> [https://msystems.asm.org/content/msys/1/5/e00105-16.full.pdf (Full Text)]
==News and articles==
*Oct 18, 2016, [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/18/migraines-could-be-caused-by-gut-bacteria-nitrates-food-trigger-study-suggests Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/18/migraines-could-be-caused-by-gut-bacteria-nitrates-food-trigger-study-suggests|title=Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests|last=Devlin|first=Hannah|date=2016-10-18|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref>
*May 19, 2018, [https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2018/05/19/migraine-drug-explosion-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue/ The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit?]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2018/05/19/migraine-drug-explosion-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue/|title=The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit? - Health Rising|last=Johnson|first=Cort|date=2018-05-19|work=Health Rising|access-date=2018-08-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en-US}}</ref>
==Learn more ==
*[https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/dietary-supplements-for-headaches-science Dietary Supplements for Headaches: What the Science Says] - National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Headache]]
* [[Headache]]
*[[Analgesic]] (pain killer)
* [[Magnesium]]
 
* [[Analgesic]] (pain killer)
==Learn more==
*Oct 18, 2016, [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/18/migraines-could-be-caused-by-gut-bacteria-nitrates-food-trigger-study-suggests Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/18/migraines-could-be-caused-by-gut-bacteria-nitrates-food-trigger-study-suggests|title=Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests|last=Devlin|first=Hannah|date=2016-10-18|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref>
*May 19, 2018, [https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2018/05/19/migraine-drug-explosion-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue/ The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit?]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2018/05/19/migraine-drug-explosion-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue/|title=The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit? - Health Rising|last=Johnson|first=Cort|date=2018-05-19|work=Health Rising|access-date=2018-08-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en-US}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:34, October 14, 2021

Migraines commonly occur in people with ME/CFS. In a 2011 study by Ravindran, et al, migraine headaches were found in 84%, and tension-type headaches in 81% of a cohort of CFS patients.[1] This compared to 5% and 45%, respectively, in a cohort of healthy controls.[1]

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

Migraine without aura is defined by the following diagnostic criteria outlined in The International Classification Of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition:

Migraine without aura diagnostic criteria[edit | edit source]

  1. At least five headache attacks that
  2. Last 4–72 hours without successful treatment
  3. Headaches have at least two of the following four characteristics:
    1. unilateral location;
    2. pulsating quality;
    3. moderate to severe pain intensity; and
    4. aggravation by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity.
  4. During the headaches at least one of the following:
    1. nausea and/or vomiting
    2. photophobia and phonophobia (avoidance of loud noises)
  5. Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis.
Migraines without aura may also be called common migraine or hemicrania simplex'.[2]

Migraine with aura diagnostic criteria[edit | edit source]

Visual, sensory and central nervous system symptom in beginning shortly before a migraine headache are known as an aura, although migraine with aura without migraine headaches are also recognized.
  1. At least two migraine attacks fulfilling criteria B and C
  2. One or more of the following fully reversible aura symptoms
    1. visual
    2. sensory
    3. speech and/or language
    4. motor
    5. brainstem
    6. retinal
  3. At least three of the following characteristics:
    1. at least one aura symptom spreads gradually over five minutes or longer
    2. two or more aura symptoms occur in succession
    3. each individual aura symptom lasts 5 to 60 minutes
    4. at least one aura symptom is unilateral (one sided)
    5. at least one aura symptom is positive
    6. the aura is accompanied, or followed within 60 minutes, by headache
  4. Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis.[2]

The recognized types of migraine with aura are:

  • Typical aura with headache
  • Typical aura without headache
  • Migraine with brainstem aura
  • Hemiplegic migraine, including familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) type 1, type 2, type 3 and with other loci
  • Sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM)
  • Retinal migraine

Migraines without aura may also be called Classic or classical migraine, ophthalmic, hemiparaesthetic, hemiplegic or aphasic migraine, or complicated migraine.[2]

Chronic migraine[edit | edit source]

[2]

Abdominal migraine[edit | edit source]

[2]

Migraines in ME/CFS[edit | edit source]

Migraines is one of several illnesses or conditions experienced alongside of ME/CFS.[3]

The Canadian Consensus Criteria recognizes migraines in the possible neurological symptoms of ME/CFS.

Possible causes[edit | edit source]

Potential treatments[edit | edit source]

Migraine treatment consists of:

  • Abortive treatments, that aim to stop a migraine attack or reduce the symptoms
  • Prevention, which aims to reduce how often migraines occur and their intensity

Migraine attack treatments[edit | edit source]

Migraine prevention[edit | edit source]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

News and articles[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ravindran, Murugan K; Zheng, Yin; Timbol, Christian; Merck, Samantha J; Baraniuk, James N (March 5, 2011). "Migraine headaches in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies". BMC Neurology. 11 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-30. ISSN 1471-2377. PMID 21375763.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (2018). "The International Classification of Headache Disorders". Cephalalgia (3rd ed.). 38 (1): 1–211. doi:10.1177/0333102417738202. ISSN 0333-1024.
  3. ↑ "Overlapping Conditions – American ME and CFS Society". ammes.org. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Khan, Johra; Asoom, Lubna Ibrahim Al; Sunni, Ahmad Al; Rafique, Nazish; Latif, Rabia; Saif, Seham Al; Almandil, Noor B.; Almohazey, Dana; AbdulAzeez, Sayed (July 1, 2021). "Genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, and prevention of migraine". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 139: 111557. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111557. ISSN 0753-3322.
  5. ↑ "Migraine Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options". Drugs.com. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Negro, Andrea; Martelletti, Paolo (June 2019). "Gepants for the treatment of migraine". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 28 (6): 555–567. doi:10.1080/13543784.2019.1618830. ISSN 1744-7658. PMID 31081399.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Migraine - Prevention". National Health Service. October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  8. ↑ Cascio Rizzo, Angelo; Paolucci, Matteo; Altavilla, Riccardo; Brunelli, Nicoletta; Assenza, Federica; Altamura, Claudia; Vernieri, Fabrizio (2017). "Daith Piercing in a Case of Chronic Migraine: A Possible Vagal Modulation". Frontiers in Neurology. 8. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00624. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 5711775. PMID 29230190.
  9. ↑ Sun-Edelstein, Christina; Mauskop, Alexander (March 2011). "Alternative Headache Treatments: Nutraceuticals, Behavioral and Physical Treatments: March 2011". Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 51 (3): 469–483. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x.
  10. ↑ Barmherzig, Rebecca; Rajapakse, Thilinie (May 10, 2021). "Nutraceuticals and Behavioral Therapy for Headache". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 21 (7): 33. doi:10.1007/s11910-021-01120-3. ISSN 1534-6293.
  11. ↑ Sun-Edelstein, Christina; Mauskop, Alexander (June 2009). "Foods and Supplements in the Management of Migraine Headaches". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 25 (5): 446–452. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31819a6f65. ISSN 0749-8047.
  12. ↑ "Dietary Supplements for Headaches: What the Science Says". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  13. ↑ Rayhan, Rakib U.; Ravindran, Murugan K.; Baraniuk, James N. (2013). "Migraine in gulf war illness and chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation". Frontiers in Physiology. 4: 181. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00181. ISSN 1664-042X. PMID 23898301.
  14. ↑ Gonzalez, Antonio; Hyde, Embriette; Sangwan, Naseer; Gilbert, Jack A.; Virre, Erik; Knight, Rob (October 18, 2016). "Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort" (PDF). American Society for Microbiology. 1 (5).
  15. ↑ Devlin, Hannah (October 18, 2016). "Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests". the Guardian. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  16. ↑ Johnson, Cort (May 19, 2018). "The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit? - Health Rising". Health Rising. Retrieved August 11, 2018.

phonophobia Sound intolerance or hypersensitivity, e.g. during a migraine. (Learn more: www.merriam-webster.com)

central nervous system (CNS) - One of the two parts of the human nervous system, the other part being the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that travel from the central nervous system into the various organs and tissues of the body.

brainstem Region of the midbrain in adults, includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and develops.

antagonist A chemical that reduces or helps block the activity of another chemical in the body. For example, most antihistamines are H1 antagonists because they block the H1 histamine receptor, which helps relieve allergy symptoms. The opposite of an agonist.

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