Migraine: Difference between revisions
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''' | [[File:Migraine-art.jpg|left|320px|Source: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/tudedude/14019222689 Migraine by Tudor Barker]]]<br style="clear:both"> | ||
'''Migraines''' commonly occur in people with [[ME/CFS]]. In a 2011 study by Ravindran, et al, migraine headaches were found in 84%, and tension-type headaches in 81% of a cohort of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] patients.<ref name="Ravindran2011" /> This compared to 5% and 45%, respectively, in a cohort of healthy controls.<ref name="Ravindran2011" /> | |||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
==Phases== | |||
Migraine phases: | |||
* Prodromal | |||
* Aura phase (if present) | |||
* Headache phase | |||
* Postdromal | |||
[[File:Migraine-phases.jpg|left|600px|Migraine phases.<br />Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332221003425 Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 139, 111557]<ref name="Khan2021"/>]]<br style="clear:both"> | |||
==Diagnostic criteria == | |||
'''Migraine without aura''' is defined by the following diagnostic criteria outlined in ''The International Classification Of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition'': | '''Migraine without aura''' is defined by the following diagnostic criteria outlined in ''The International Classification Of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition'': | ||
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</ol> | </ol> | ||
:Migraines without aura may also be called '''common migraine | :Migraines without aura may also be called '''common migraine'' or '''hemicrania simplex'''.<ref name="ICHD-3">{{Cite journal|last=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society|date=2018|title=The International Classification of Headache Disorders|edition=3rd|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202|journal=Cephalalgia|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=1–211|doi=10.1177/0333102417738202|issn=0333-1024}}</ref> | ||
===Migraine with aura diagnostic criteria=== | ===Migraine with aura diagnostic criteria=== | ||
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===Abdominal migraine === | ===Abdominal migraine === | ||
<ref name="ICHD-3" /> | <ref name="ICHD-3" /> | ||
==Triggers == | |||
[[File:Migraine_triggers.jpg|left|600px|Migraine triggers.<br />Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332221003425 Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 139, 111557]<ref name="Khan2021"/>]]<br style="clear:both"> | |||
Common migraine triggers include: | |||
* Food and drinks, e.g., chocolate, alcohol, aged cheese, [[gluten sensitivity|gluten]] | |||
* Lifestyle patterns, e.g. [[stress]], weather changes, or fasting | |||
* Genetics | |||
* Physiological and biochemical factors, e.g. insulin or oestrogen [[hormone]] levels, increased [[oxidative stress]]<ref name="Khan2021"/> | |||
==Migraines in ME/CFS== | ==Migraines in ME/CFS== | ||
Migraines is one of several illnesses or conditions | Migraines is one of several illnesses or conditions common in people with [[ME/CFS]].<ref name="ammes">{{Cite web|url=https://ammes.org/overlapping-conditions/|title=Overlapping Conditions – American ME and CFS Society|website=ammes.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref><ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | ||
| last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | |||
| last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | |||
| last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | |||
| last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | |||
| last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | |||
| last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | |||
| last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | |||
| last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | |||
| last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | |||
| last10 = Vallings | first10= R | authorlink10= Rosamund Vallings | |||
| last11 = Bateman | first11= L | authorlink11= Lucinda Bateman | |||
| last12 = Bell | first12= DS | authorlink12= David Bell | |||
| last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13= N | authorlink13= Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | |||
| last14 = Chia | first14= J | authorlink14= John Chia | |||
| last15 = Darragh | first15= A | authorlink15= Austin Darragh | |||
| last16 = Gerken | first16= A | authorlink16= Anne Gerken | |||
| last17 = Jo | first17= D | authorlink17= Daehyun Jo | |||
| last18 = Lewis | first18= DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis | |||
| last19 = Light | first19= AR | authorlink19= Alan Light | |||
| last20 = Light | first20= KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light | |||
| last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21= S | authorlink21= Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | |||
| last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22= J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard | |||
| last23 = Mena | first23= I | authorlink23= Ismael Mena | |||
| last24 = Miwa | first24= K | authorlink24= Kunihisa Miwa | |||
| last25 = Murovska | first25= M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | |||
| last26 = Stevens | first26= SR | authorlink26= Staci Stevens | |||
| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | |||
| date = 2012 | |||
| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | |||
| url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf | |||
}}</ref><br> | |||
The [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] recognizes migraines in the [[:Category:Neurological signs and symptoms |possible neurological symptoms]] of [[ME/CFS]]. | The [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] recognizes migraines in the [[:Category:Neurological signs and symptoms|possible neurological symptoms]] of [[ME/CFS]], and the [[International Consensus Criteria]] recognizes [[headache]] conditions including [[migraine]] and [[tension-type headach]]es in the diagnostic criteria for [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]].<ref name="ICC2011primer" /> | ||
==Possible causes== | ==Possible causes== | ||
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=== Migraine attack treatments === | === Migraine attack treatments === | ||
*[[:Category:Triptans|Triptans]] | *General [[analgesic|pain medications]], including [[acetaminophen]] and [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories]] (NSAID), for mild to moderate migraines. Different types of medications are sometimes combined, for example acetaminophen and [[naproxen]].<ref name="Khan2021">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Johra|last2=Asoom|first2=Lubna Ibrahim Al|last3=Sunni|first3=Ahmad Al|last4=Rafique|first4=Nazish|last5=Latif|first5=Rabia|last6=Saif|first6=Seham Al|last7=Almandil|first7=Noor B.|last8=Almohazey|first8=Dana|last9=AbdulAzeez|first9=Sayed|date=2021-07-01|title=Genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, and prevention of migraine|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332221003425|journal=Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy|language=en|volume=139|pages=111557|doi=10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111557|issn=0753-3322}}</ref> | ||
*Small molecule [[:Category:CGRP antagonists|CGRP antagonists]], known as [[:Category:Gepants|gepants]], which are the newest group of migraine drugs<ref name=" | *[[:Category:Triptans|Triptans]] for moderate or severe migraine e.g. [[sumatriptan]] (Imitrex): 13 out of 14 newly diagnosed migraine subjects responded to sumatriptan in one [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patient cohort<ref name="Ravindran2011" /> or [[zomitriptan]] (Zomig)<ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/migraine.html|title=Migraine Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> | ||
*Small molecule [[:Category:CGRP antagonists|CGRP antagonists]], known as [[:Category:Gepants|gepants]], which are the newest group of migraine drugs<ref name="Negro2019">{{Cite journal|last=Negro|first=Andrea|author-link=|last2=Martelletti|first2=Paolo|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|author-link3=|date=Jun 2019|title=Gepants for the treatment of migraine|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31081399/|journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs|volume=28|issue=6|pages=555–567|doi=10.1080/13543784.2019.1618830|issn=1744-7658|pmc=|pmid=31081399|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> | |||
=== Migraine prevention === | === Migraine prevention === | ||
*[[Migraine elimination diet | *[[Migraine elimination diet]]s, which rely on identifying particular foods, drinks or additives that trigger migraines, for example avoiding food or drinks containing [[nitrates]] or [[tyramine]]<ref name="Khan2021" /><ref name="NHS" /> | ||
*CGRP antagonists, particularly [[Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody|CGRP monoclonal antibodies]] but possibly some gepants<ref name=" | *CGRP antagonists, particularly [[Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody|CGRP monoclonal antibodies]] but possibly some gepants<ref name="Negro2019" /> | ||
*Drugs developed for other uses that are known to reduce migraines, including propranolol, [[amitriptyline]] (Elavil), [[topiramate]] (Topamax) or botulinum toxin type A (Botox injections)<ref name=" | *Drugs developed for other uses that are known to reduce migraines, including propranolol, [[amitriptyline]] (Elavil), [[topiramate]] (Topamax) or botulinum toxin type A (Botox injections)<ref name="Negro2019" /><ref name="NHS" /> | ||
*Acupuncture<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/prevention/|title=Migraine - Prevention|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2017-10-23|website=[[National Health Service]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> | *Acupuncture<ref name="NHS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/prevention/|title=Migraine - Prevention|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2017-10-23|website=[[National Health Service]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> | ||
*[[Daith piercing]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cascio Rizzo|first=Angelo|last2=Paolucci|first2=Matteo|last3=Altavilla|first3=Riccardo|last4=Brunelli|first4=Nicoletta|last5=Assenza|first5=Federica|last6=Altamura|first6=Claudia|last7=Vernieri|first7=Fabrizio|date=2017|title=Daith Piercing in a Case of Chronic Migraine: A Possible Vagal Modulation|journal=Frontiers in Neurology|language=English|volume=8|pages=|doi=10.3389/fneur.2017.00624|issn=1664-2295|pmc=5711775|pmid=29230190|via=}}</ref> | *[[Daith piercing]], a type of ear piercings not routinely recommended<ref name="Cascio2017">{{Cite journal|last=Cascio Rizzo|first=Angelo|last2=Paolucci|first2=Matteo|last3=Altavilla|first3=Riccardo|last4=Brunelli|first4=Nicoletta|last5=Assenza|first5=Federica|last6=Altamura|first6=Claudia|last7=Vernieri|first7=Fabrizio|date=2017|title=Daith Piercing in a Case of Chronic Migraine: A Possible Vagal Modulation|journal=Frontiers in Neurology|language=English|volume=8|pages=|doi=10.3389/fneur.2017.00624|issn=1664-2295|pmc=5711775|pmid=29230190|via=}}</ref> | ||
* Natural or alternative dietary supplements including [[magnesium]], [[feverfew]], the B vitamin [[riboflavin]], [[CoQ10]], and others.<ref name="Sun2011">{{Cite journal|last=Sun-Edelstein|first=Christina|author-link=|last2=Mauskop|first2=Alexander|author-link2=|date=Mar 2011|title=Alternative Headache Treatments: Nutraceuticals, Behavioral and Physical Treatments: March 2011|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x|journal=Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain|language=en|volume=51|issue=3|pages=469–483|doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Barmherzig2021">{{Cite journal|last=Barmherzig|first=Rebecca|last2=Rajapakse|first2=Thilinie|date=2021-05-10|title=Nutraceuticals and Behavioral Therapy for Headache|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-021-01120-3|journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|language=en|volume=21|issue=7|pages=33|doi=10.1007/s11910-021-01120-3|issn=1534-6293}}</ref><ref name="Sun2009">{{Cite journal|last=Sun-Edelstein|first=Christina|author-link=|last2=Mauskop|first2=Alexander|author-link2=|date=Jun 2009|title=Foods and Supplements in the Management of Migraine Headaches|url=https://journals.lww.com/clinicalpain/Abstract/2009/06000/Foods_and_Supplements_in_the_Management_of.15.aspx|journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain|language=en-US|volume=25|issue=5|pages=446–452|doi=10.1097/AJP.0b013e31819a6f65|issn=0749-8047|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [[Butterbur]] is not recommended due to liver toxicity.<ref name="NCCIH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/dietary-supplements-for-headaches-science|title=Dietary Supplements for Headaches: What the Science Says|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> | |||
==Notable studies== | ==Notable studies== | ||
*2011, Migraine headaches in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS): comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies.<ref name=" | *2011, Migraine headaches in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS): comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies.<ref name="Ravindran2011">{{Cite journal|last=Ravindran|first=Murugan K|last2=Zheng|first2=Yin|last3=Timbol|first3=Christian|last4=Merck|first4=Samantha J|last5=Baraniuk|first5=James N|author-link5=James Baraniuk|date=5 Mar 2011|title=Migraine headaches in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058027/|journal=BMC Neurology|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/1471-2377-11-30|issn=1471-2377|pmc=|pmid=21375763|via=}}</ref> | ||
*2013, Migraine in [[Gulf War Illness|gulf war illness]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]: Prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayhan|first=Rakib U.|last2=Ravindran|first2=Murugan K.|last3=Baraniuk|first3=James N.|date=2013|title=Migraine in gulf war illness and chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23898301|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=4|pages=181|doi=10.3389/fphys.2013.00181|issn=1664-042X|pmid=23898301|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3721020/ (Full Text)] | *2013, Migraine in [[Gulf War Illness|gulf war illness]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]: Prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation.<ref name="Rayhan">{{Cite journal|last=Rayhan|first=Rakib U.|last2=Ravindran|first2=Murugan K.|last3=Baraniuk|first3=James N.|date=2013|title=Migraine in gulf war illness and chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23898301|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=4|pages=181|doi=10.3389/fphys.2013.00181|issn=1664-042X|pmid=23898301|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3721020/ (Full Text)] | ||
*2016, Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the [[American Gut Project]] Cohort<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonzalez|first=Antonio|last2=Hyde|first2=Embriette|last3=Sangwan|first3=Naseer|last4=Gilbert|first4=Jack A.|last5=Virre|first5=Erik|last6=Knight|first6=Rob|date=Oct 18, 2016|title=Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort|url=https://msystems.asm.org/content/msys/1/5/e00105-16.full.pdf|journal=American Society for Microbiology|volume=1|issue=5|pages=|via=}}</ref> [https://msystems.asm.org/content/msys/1/5/e00105-16.full.pdf (Full Text)] | *2016, Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the [[American Gut Project]] Cohort<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonzalez|first=Antonio|last2=Hyde|first2=Embriette|last3=Sangwan|first3=Naseer|last4=Gilbert|first4=Jack A.|last5=Virre|first5=Erik|last6=Knight|first6=Rob|date=Oct 18, 2016|title=Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort|url=https://msystems.asm.org/content/msys/1/5/e00105-16.full.pdf|journal=American Society for Microbiology|volume=1|issue=5|pages=|via=}}</ref> [https://msystems.asm.org/content/msys/1/5/e00105-16.full.pdf (Full Text)] | ||
==News and articles== | |||
*Oct 18, 2016, [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/18/migraines-could-be-caused-by-gut-bacteria-nitrates-food-trigger-study-suggests Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/18/migraines-could-be-caused-by-gut-bacteria-nitrates-food-trigger-study-suggests|title=Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests|last=Devlin|first=Hannah|date=2016-10-18|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref> | |||
*May 19, 2018, [https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2018/05/19/migraine-drug-explosion-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue/ The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit?]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2018/05/19/migraine-drug-explosion-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue/|title=The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit? - Health Rising|last=Johnson|first=Cort|date=2018-05-19|work=Health Rising|access-date=2018-08-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
==Learn more == | |||
*[https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/dietary-supplements-for-headaches-science Dietary Supplements for Headaches: What the Science Says] - National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Headache]] | * [[Headache]] | ||
*[[Analgesic]] (pain killer) | * [[Magnesium]] | ||
* [[Analgesic]] (pain killer) | |||
==References== | ==References== |
Revision as of 12:24, October 14, 2021
Migraines commonly occur in people with ME/CFS. In a 2011 study by Ravindran, et al, migraine headaches were found in 84%, and tension-type headaches in 81% of a cohort of chronic fatigue syndrome patients.[1] This compared to 5% and 45%, respectively, in a cohort of healthy controls.[1]
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
Phases[edit | edit source]
Migraine phases:
- Prodromal
- Aura phase (if present)
- Headache phase
- Postdromal
Diagnostic criteria[edit | edit source]
Migraine without aura is defined by the following diagnostic criteria outlined in The International Classification Of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition:
Migraine without aura diagnostic criteria[edit | edit source]
- At least five headache attacks that
- Last 4–72 hours without successful treatment
- Headaches have at least two of the following four characteristics:
- unilateral location;
- pulsating quality;
- moderate to severe pain intensity; and
- aggravation by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity.
- During the headaches at least one of the following:
- nausea and/or vomiting
- photophobia and phonophobia (avoidance of loud noises)
- Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis.
- Migraines without aura may also be called common migraine or hemicrania simplex'.[3]
Migraine with aura diagnostic criteria[edit | edit source]
- Visual, sensory and central nervous system symptom in beginning shortly before a migraine headache are known as an aura, although migraine with aura without migraine headaches are also recognized.
- At least two migraine attacks fulfilling criteria B and C
- One or more of the following fully reversible aura symptoms
- visual
- sensory
- speech and/or language
- motor
- brainstem
- retinal
- At least three of the following characteristics:
- at least one aura symptom spreads gradually over five minutes or longer
- two or more aura symptoms occur in succession
- each individual aura symptom lasts 5 to 60 minutes
- at least one aura symptom is unilateral (one sided)
- at least one aura symptom is positive
- the aura is accompanied, or followed within 60 minutes, by headache
- Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis.[3]
The recognized types of migraine with aura are:
- Typical aura with headache
- Typical aura without headache
- Migraine with brainstem aura
- Hemiplegic migraine, including familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) type 1, type 2, type 3 and with other loci
- Sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM)
- Retinal migraine
Migraines without aura may also be called Classic or classical migraine, ophthalmic, hemiparaesthetic, hemiplegic or aphasic migraine, or complicated migraine.[3]
Chronic migraine[edit | edit source]
Abdominal migraine[edit | edit source]
Triggers[edit | edit source]
Common migraine triggers include:
- Food and drinks, e.g., chocolate, alcohol, aged cheese, gluten
- Lifestyle patterns, e.g. stress, weather changes, or fasting
- Genetics
- Physiological and biochemical factors, e.g. insulin or oestrogen hormone levels, increased oxidative stress[2]
Migraines in ME/CFS[edit | edit source]
Migraines is one of several illnesses or conditions common in people with ME/CFS.[4][5]
The Canadian Consensus Criteria recognizes migraines in the possible neurological symptoms of ME/CFS, and the International Consensus Criteria recognizes headache conditions including migraine and tension-type headaches in the diagnostic criteria for myalgic encephalomyelitis.[5]
Possible causes[edit | edit source]
Potential treatments[edit | edit source]
Migraine treatment consists of:
- Abortive treatments, that aim to stop a migraine attack or reduce the symptoms
- Prevention, which aims to reduce how often migraines occur and their intensity
Migraine attack treatments[edit | edit source]
- General pain medications, including acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAID), for mild to moderate migraines. Different types of medications are sometimes combined, for example acetaminophen and naproxen.[2]
- Triptans for moderate or severe migraine e.g. sumatriptan (Imitrex): 13 out of 14 newly diagnosed migraine subjects responded to sumatriptan in one CFS patient cohort[1] or zomitriptan (Zomig)[6]
- Small molecule CGRP antagonists, known as gepants, which are the newest group of migraine drugs[7]
Migraine prevention[edit | edit source]
- Migraine elimination diets, which rely on identifying particular foods, drinks or additives that trigger migraines, for example avoiding food or drinks containing nitrates or tyramine[2][8]
- CGRP antagonists, particularly CGRP monoclonal antibodies but possibly some gepants[7]
- Drugs developed for other uses that are known to reduce migraines, including propranolol, amitriptyline (Elavil), topiramate (Topamax) or botulinum toxin type A (Botox injections)[7][8]
- Acupuncture[8]
- Daith piercing, a type of ear piercings not routinely recommended[9]
- Natural or alternative dietary supplements including magnesium, feverfew, the B vitamin riboflavin, CoQ10, and others.[10][11][12] Butterbur is not recommended due to liver toxicity.[13]
Notable studies[edit | edit source]
- 2011, Migraine headaches in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies.[1]
- 2013, Migraine in gulf war illness and chronic fatigue syndrome: Prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation.[14] (Full Text)
- 2016, Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort[15] (Full Text)
News and articles[edit | edit source]
- Oct 18, 2016, Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests[16]
- May 19, 2018, The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit?[17]
Learn more[edit | edit source]
- Dietary Supplements for Headaches: What the Science Says - National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ravindran, Murugan K; Zheng, Yin; Timbol, Christian; Merck, Samantha J; Baraniuk, James N (March 5, 2011). "Migraine headaches in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies". BMC Neurology. 11 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-30. ISSN 1471-2377. PMID 21375763.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Khan, Johra; Asoom, Lubna Ibrahim Al; Sunni, Ahmad Al; Rafique, Nazish; Latif, Rabia; Saif, Seham Al; Almandil, Noor B.; Almohazey, Dana; AbdulAzeez, Sayed (July 1, 2021). "Genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, and prevention of migraine". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 139: 111557. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111557. ISSN 0753-3322.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (2018). "The International Classification of Headache Disorders". Cephalalgia (3rd ed.). 38 (1): 1–211. doi:10.1177/0333102417738202. ISSN 0333-1024.
- ↑ "Overlapping Conditions – American ME and CFS Society". ammes.org. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Carruthers, BM; van de Sande, MI; De Meirleir, KL; Klimas, NG; Broderick, G; Mitchell, T; Staines, D; Powles, ACP; Speight, N; Vallings, R; Bateman, L; Bell, DS; Carlo-Stella, N; Chia, J; Darragh, A; Gerken, A; Jo, D; Lewis, DP; Light, AR; Light, KC; Marshall-Gradisnik, S; McLaren-Howard, J; Mena, I; Miwa, K; Murovska, M; Stevens, SR (2012), Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners (PDF), ISBN 978-0-9739335-3-6
- ↑ "Migraine Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options". Drugs.com. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Negro, Andrea; Martelletti, Paolo (June 2019). "Gepants for the treatment of migraine". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 28 (6): 555–567. doi:10.1080/13543784.2019.1618830. ISSN 1744-7658. PMID 31081399.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Migraine - Prevention". National Health Service. October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ↑ Cascio Rizzo, Angelo; Paolucci, Matteo; Altavilla, Riccardo; Brunelli, Nicoletta; Assenza, Federica; Altamura, Claudia; Vernieri, Fabrizio (2017). "Daith Piercing in a Case of Chronic Migraine: A Possible Vagal Modulation". Frontiers in Neurology. 8. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00624. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 5711775. PMID 29230190.
- ↑ Sun-Edelstein, Christina; Mauskop, Alexander (March 2011). "Alternative Headache Treatments: Nutraceuticals, Behavioral and Physical Treatments: March 2011". Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 51 (3): 469–483. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x.
- ↑ Barmherzig, Rebecca; Rajapakse, Thilinie (May 10, 2021). "Nutraceuticals and Behavioral Therapy for Headache". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 21 (7): 33. doi:10.1007/s11910-021-01120-3. ISSN 1534-6293.
- ↑ Sun-Edelstein, Christina; Mauskop, Alexander (June 2009). "Foods and Supplements in the Management of Migraine Headaches". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 25 (5): 446–452. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31819a6f65. ISSN 0749-8047.
- ↑ "Dietary Supplements for Headaches: What the Science Says". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
- ↑ Rayhan, Rakib U.; Ravindran, Murugan K.; Baraniuk, James N. (2013). "Migraine in gulf war illness and chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence, potential mechanisms, and evaluation". Frontiers in Physiology. 4: 181. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00181. ISSN 1664-042X. PMID 23898301.
- ↑ Gonzalez, Antonio; Hyde, Embriette; Sangwan, Naseer; Gilbert, Jack A.; Virre, Erik; Knight, Rob (October 18, 2016). "Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort" (PDF). American Society for Microbiology. 1 (5).
- ↑ Devlin, Hannah (October 18, 2016). "Migraines could be caused by gut bacteria, study suggests". the Guardian. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
- ↑ Johnson, Cort (May 19, 2018). "The Migraine Drug Explosion Begins: Could Fibromyalgia and ME/CFS Benefit? - Health Rising". Health Rising. Retrieved August 11, 2018.