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[[File:Melatonin-sleep-tablets-OTC.jpg|alt=Two round white melatonin tablets next to a bottle of melatonin tablets.|thumb]]
[[File:Melatonin-sleep-tablets-OTC.jpg|alt=Two round white melatonin tablets next to a bottle of melatonin tablets.|thumb]]
'''Melatonin''' is a hormone produced in the pineal gland which regulates sleep and wakefulness.<ref name="hardeland2006" /> It is involved in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake timing, blood pressure and [[Temperature dysregulation|body temperature regulation]], cardiovascular efficiency and muscle strength, and many others.<ref name="Altun2007" /> Many of its biological effects are produced through activation of melatonin receptors,<ref name="Boutin2005" /> while others are due to its role as an antioxidant,<ref name="Hardeland2005" /> with a particular role in the protection of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.<ref name="Reiter2001" />
'''Melatonin''', also sold under the brand name '''Slenyto''', is a hormone produced in the pineal gland which regulates sleep and wakefulness.<ref name="Hardeland2005">{{citation | author = Hardeland R | title = Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance | journal = Endocrine | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–30 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16217125 | doi = 10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119 }}</ref><ref name="emc" /> It is involved in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake timing, blood pressure and [[Temperature dysregulation|body temperature regulation]], cardiovascular efficiency and muscle strength, and many others.<ref name="Altun2007">{{citation |vauthors=Altun A, Ugur-Altun B | title = Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization | journal = Int. J. Clin. Pract. | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 835–45 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17298593 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x }}</ref><ref name="hardeland2006">{{citation | vauthors = Hardeland R, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP | title = Melatonin | journal = The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–6 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16219483 | doi = 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.08.020 }}</ref>


As a medicine, it is used for the treatment of [[insomnia]], however, scientific evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a benefit in this area.<ref name="Bra2015" />
==Theory ==
Many of melatonin's biological effects are produced through activation of melatonin receptors,<ref name="Boutin2005">{{citation |vauthors=Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P | title = Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions | journal = Trends Pharmacol. Sci. | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 412–19 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 15992934 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006 }}</ref> while others are due to its role as an [[antioxidant]],<ref name="Hardeland2005" /> with a particular role in the protection of nuclear and [[mitochondria|mitochondrial]] DNA.<ref name="Reiter2001">{{citation |vauthors=Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S | title = Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 939 | issue =  | pages = 200–15 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11462772 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x }}</ref>


==Notable studies==
Melatonin supplements or medication are commonly used for helping people get to sleep or stay asleep.<ref name=drugscom>{{Cite web|url =http://www.drugs.com/melatonin.html|title =Melatonin|access-date =2021-03-04|website=drugs.com}}</ref><ref name="emc"/>
*2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27226183 Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma lipid hydroperoxides, homocysteine concentration and chronic fatigue syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferons-beta and mitoxantrone.]<ref name="melatoninms2016" />
 
*1996, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8842569 Dissociation of body-temperature and melatonin secretion circadian rhythms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref name="melationincfs1996" />
==ME/CFS ==
 
==Evidence ==
As a medicine, it is used for the treatment of [[insomnia]], however, scientific evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a benefit in this area.<ref name="Bra2015">{{citation | vauthors = Brasure M, MacDonald R, Fuchs E, Olson CM, Carlyle M, Diem S, Koffel E, Khawaja IS, Ouellette J, Butler M, Kane RL, Wilt TJ | title = Management of Insomnia Disorder [Internet] | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26844312 }}</ref> Melatonin is also used for [[sleep dysfunction]].
 
As a medicine, some forms of melatonin are licensed for use for Insomnia or sleep in children with ADHD.<ref name="emc"/>


==Costs and availability==
==Costs and availability==
In [[Canada]] and the [[United States]], melatonin is sold over-the-counter. In other countries, such as the [[United Kingdom]], it is only available with a prescription but may be legal to import for personal use.
In [[Canada]] and the [[United States]], melatonin is sold over-the-counter. In other countries, such as the [[United Kingdom]], it is only available with a prescription but may be legal to import for personal use.
==Risks and safety ==
Melatonin has not need studied in people with [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune disease]]<ref name="emc">https://emc-prod-ukwest-wa.azurewebsites.net/emc/product/10024/smpc</ref>, however ME/CFS is not classed as an autoimmune disease at present despite the [[:Category:Immune signs and symptoms|immune symptoms]].<ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation| last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers| last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande
| last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir
| last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas| last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick
| last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell
| last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines| last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles
| last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight| last10 = Vallings | first10= R | authorlink10= Rosamund Vallings
| last11 = Bateman | first11= L | authorlink11= Lucinda Bateman
| last12 = Bell | first12= DS | authorlink12= David Bell
| last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13= N | authorlink13= Nicoletta Carlo-Stella
| last14 = Chia | first14= J | authorlink14= John Chia| last15 = Darragh | first15= A | authorlink15= Austin Darragh
| last16 = Gerken | first16= A | authorlink16= Anne Gerken
| last17 = Jo | first17= D | authorlink17= Daehyun Jo| last18 = Lewis | first18= DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis
| last19 = Light | first19= AR | authorlink19= Alan Light
| last20 = Light | first20= KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light
| last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21= S | authorlink21= Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
| last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22= J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard
| last23 = Mena | first23= I | authorlink23= Ismael Mena| last24 = Miwa | first24= K | authorlink24= Kunihisa Miwa| last25 = Murovska | first25= M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska| last26 = Stevens | first26= SR | authorlink26= Staci Stevens
| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners
| date = 2012| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6
| url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf
}}</ref><ref name="ICD11">{{cite web|title=ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f569175314|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|date=2020|website=icd.who.int|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=20 May 2020|quote=Diseases of the nervous system}}</ref><ref name="CDC-IOM-SEIDcriteria">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/iom-2015-diagnostic-criteria.html|title=IOM 2015 Diagnostic Criteria {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|website=[[Centers for Disease Control|date=Jan 27, 2021|access-date =2021-02-25}}</ref>
==Notable studies==
*1996, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8842569 Dissociation of body-temperature and melatonin secretion circadian rhythms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref name="melationincfs1996">{{Citation| issn = 0144-5979| volume = 16| issue = 4| pages = 327–337| last1 = Williams| first1 = G.| last2 = Pirmohamed| first2 = J.| last3 = Minors| first3 = D.| last4 = Waterhouse| first4 = J.| last5 = Buchan| first5 = I.| last6 = Arendt| first6 = J.| last7 = Edwards| first7 = R. H.| title = Dissociation of body-temperature and melatonin secretion circadian rhythms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England)| date = July 1996| pmid = 8842569}}</ref>
* 2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27226183 Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma lipid hydroperoxides, homocysteine concentration and chronic fatigue syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferons-beta and mitoxantrone.]<ref name="melatoninms2016">{{Citation| issn = 1899-1505| volume = 67| issue = 2| pages = 235–242| last1 = Adamczyk-Sowa| first1 = M.| last2 = Sowa| first2 = P.| last3 = Adamczyk| first3 = J.| last4 = Niedziela| first4 = N.| last5 = Misiolek| first5 = H.| last6 = Owczarek| first6 = M.| last7 = Zwirska-Korczala| first7 = K.| title = Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma lipid hydroperoxides, homocysteine concentration and chronic fatigue syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferons-beta and mitoxantrone| journal = Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology: An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society| date = April 2016| pmid = 27226183}}</ref>


==Learn more==
==Learn more==
Line 16: Line 49:


==References==
==References==
<references>
{{Reflist}}
<ref name="hardeland2006">{{citation | vauthors = Hardeland R, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP | title = Melatonin | journal = The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–6 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16219483 | doi = 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.08.020 }}</ref>
<ref name="Altun2007">{{citation |vauthors=Altun A, Ugur-Altun B | title = Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization | journal = Int. J. Clin. Pract. | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 835–45 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17298593 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x }}</ref>
<ref name="Boutin2005">{{citation |vauthors=Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P | title = Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions | journal = Trends Pharmacol. Sci. | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 412–19 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 15992934 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006 }}</ref>
<ref name="Hardeland2005">{{citation | author = Hardeland R | title = Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance | journal = Endocrine | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–30 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16217125 | doi = 10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119 }}</ref>
<ref name="Reiter2001">{{citation |vauthors=Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S | title = Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 939 | issue =  | pages = 200–15 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11462772 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x }}</ref>
<ref name="Bra2015">{{citation | vauthors = Brasure M, MacDonald R, Fuchs E, Olson CM, Carlyle M, Diem S, Koffel E, Khawaja IS, Ouellette J, Butler M, Kane RL, Wilt TJ | title = Management of Insomnia Disorder [Internet] | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26844312 }}</ref>
<ref name="melatoninms2016">{{Citation| issn = 1899-1505| volume = 67| issue = 2| pages = 235–242| last1 = Adamczyk-Sowa| first1 = M.| last2 = Sowa| first2 = P.| last3 = Adamczyk| first3 = J.| last4 = Niedziela| first4 = N.| last5 = Misiolek| first5 = H.| last6 = Owczarek| first6 = M.| last7 = Zwirska-Korczala| first7 = K.| title = Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma lipid hydroperoxides, homocysteine concentration and chronic fatigue syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferons-beta and mitoxantrone| journal = Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology: An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society| date = April 2016| pmid = 27226183}}</ref>
<ref name="melationincfs1996">{{Citation| issn = 0144-5979| volume = 16| issue = 4| pages = 327–337| last1 = Williams| first1 = G.| last2 = Pirmohamed| first2 = J.| last3 = Minors| first3 = D.| last4 = Waterhouse| first4 = J.| last5 = Buchan| first5 = I.| last6 = Arendt| first6 = J.| last7 = Edwards| first7 = R. H.| title = Dissociation of body-temperature and melatonin secretion circadian rhythms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England)| date = July 1996| pmid = 8842569}}</ref>
</references>


[[Category:Neurotransmitters and hormones]]
[[Category:Neurotransmitters and hormones]]

Revision as of 13:11, March 4, 2021

Two round white melatonin tablets next to a bottle of melatonin tablets.

Melatonin, also sold under the brand name Slenyto, is a hormone produced in the pineal gland which regulates sleep and wakefulness.[1][2] It is involved in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake timing, blood pressure and body temperature regulation, cardiovascular efficiency and muscle strength, and many others.[3][4]

Theory[edit | edit source]

Many of melatonin's biological effects are produced through activation of melatonin receptors,[5] while others are due to its role as an antioxidant,[1] with a particular role in the protection of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.[6]

Melatonin supplements or medication are commonly used for helping people get to sleep or stay asleep.[7][2]

ME/CFS[edit | edit source]

Evidence[edit | edit source]

As a medicine, it is used for the treatment of insomnia, however, scientific evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a benefit in this area.[8] Melatonin is also used for sleep dysfunction.

As a medicine, some forms of melatonin are licensed for use for Insomnia or sleep in children with ADHD.[2]

Costs and availability[edit | edit source]

In Canada and the United States, melatonin is sold over-the-counter. In other countries, such as the United Kingdom, it is only available with a prescription but may be legal to import for personal use.

Risks and safety[edit | edit source]

Melatonin has not need studied in people with autoimmune disease[2], however ME/CFS is not classed as an autoimmune disease at present despite the immune symptoms.[9][10][11]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hardeland R (July 2005), "Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance", Endocrine, 27 (2): 119–30, doi:10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119, PMID 16217125
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 https://emc-prod-ukwest-wa.azurewebsites.net/emc/product/10024/smpc
  3. ↑ Altun A, Ugur-Altun B (May 2007), "Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization", Int. J. Clin. Pract., 61 (5): 835–45, doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x, PMID 17298593
  4. ↑ Hardeland R, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP (March 2006), "Melatonin", The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 38 (3): 313–6, doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.08.020, PMID 16219483
  5. ↑ Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P (August 2005), "Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions", Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 26 (8): 412–19, doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006, PMID 15992934
  6. ↑ Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S (June 2001), "Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system", Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 939: 200–15, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x, PMID 11462772
  7. ↑ "Melatonin". drugs.com. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  8. ↑ Brasure M, MacDonald R, Fuchs E, Olson CM, Carlyle M, Diem S, Koffel E, Khawaja IS, Ouellette J, Butler M, Kane RL, Wilt TJ (December 2015), Management of Insomnia Disorder [Internet], PMID 26844312
  9. ↑ Carruthers, BM; van de Sande, MI; De Meirleir, KL; Klimas, NG; Broderick, G; Mitchell, T; Staines, D; Powles, ACP; Speight, N; Vallings, R; Bateman, L; Bell, DS; Carlo-Stella, N; Chia, J; Darragh, A; Gerken, A; Jo, D; Lewis, DP; Light, AR; Light, KC; Marshall-Gradisnik, S; McLaren-Howard, J; Mena, I; Miwa, K; Murovska, M; Stevens, SR (2012), Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners (PDF), ISBN 978-0-9739335-3-6
  10. ↑ World Health Organization (2020). "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved May 20, 2020. Diseases of the nervous system
  11. ↑ {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/iom-2015-diagnostic-criteria.html%7Ctitle=IOM 2015 Diagnostic Criteria | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|website=[[Centers for Disease Control|date=Jan 27, 2021|access-date =2021-02-25}}
  12. ↑ Williams, G.; Pirmohamed, J.; Minors, D.; Waterhouse, J.; Buchan, I.; Arendt, J.; Edwards, R. H. (July 1996), "Dissociation of body-temperature and melatonin secretion circadian rhythms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome", Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England), 16 (4): 327–337, ISSN 0144-5979, PMID 8842569
  13. ↑ Adamczyk-Sowa, M.; Sowa, P.; Adamczyk, J.; Niedziela, N.; Misiolek, H.; Owczarek, M.; Zwirska-Korczala, K. (April 2016), "Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma lipid hydroperoxides, homocysteine concentration and chronic fatigue syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferons-beta and mitoxantrone", Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology: An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 67 (2): 235–242, ISSN 1899-1505, PMID 27226183

circadian rhythm Physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle, responding mostly to light and dark. Controlled the brain's hypothalamus. (Learn more: www.nigms.nih.gov)

central nervous system (CNS) - One of the two parts of the human nervous system, the other part being the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that travel from the central nervous system into the various organs and tissues of the body.

myalgic encephalomyelitis (M.E.) - A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from chronic fatigue syndrome, while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome. A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a U.S. government agency dedicated to epidemiology and public health. It operates under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.

β β / Β. Greek letter beta (a symbol used in science), equivalent to "b".

physiological Concerning living organisms, such as cells or the human body.  Physio logical (as in physio) is not to be confused with psych ological (emotional stress).

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