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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
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== MRS Studies in ME/CFS == MRS's ability to detect metabolites is useful for studying inflammation, metabolism, and overall brain health. Therefore, MRS and MRS-PET has been utilized in ME/CFS patients to analyze neuroinflammation, * Natelson et al. 2017<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Natelson | first = Benjamin H. | authorlink = Benjamin Natelson | last2 = Vu | first2 = Diana | last3 = Coplan | first3 = Jeremy D. | last4 = Mao | first4 = Xiangling | last5 = Blate | first5 = Michelle | last6 = Kang | first6 = Guoxin | last7 = Soto | first7 = Eli | last8 = Kapusuz | first8 = Tolga | last9 = Shungu | first9 = Dikoma C. | date = 2017-01-02 | title = Elevations of ventricular lactate levels occur in both chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2017.1280114|journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior |volume=5|issue=1|pages=15β20|doi=10.1080/21641846.2017.1280114|issn=2164-1846|pmc=PMC5754037|pmid=29308330|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> ** Found a significant difference between ME/CFS patients and control group when comparing [[lactate]] in the ventricles region * Van der Schaaf et al. 2017<ref>{{Cite journal|last = van der Schaaf | first = Marieke E. | last2 = De Lange | first2 = Floris P. | last3 = Schmits | first3 = Iris C. | last4 = Geurts | first4 = Dirk E.M. | last5 = Roelofs | first5 = Karin | last6 = van der Meer | first6 = Jos W.M. | authorlink6 = Jos van der Meer | last7 = Toni | first7 = Ivan | last8 = Knoop | first8 = Hans | authorlink8 = Hans Knoop | date = Feb 2017 | title = Prefrontal Structure Varies as a Function of Pain Symptoms in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322316327378|journal=Biological Psychiatry|language=en|volume=81|issue= 4 | pages = 358β365|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.07.016|pmc=|pmid=|quote= }}</ref> ** Found no significant differences in metabolites between ME/CFS patients and controls * Shungu et al. 2012<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Shungu | first = Dikoma C. | authorlink = Dikoma Shungu | last2 = Weiduschat | first2 = Nora | last3 = Murrough | first3 = James W. | last4 = Mao | first4 = Xiangling | last5 = Pillemer | first5 = Sarah | last6 = Dyke | first6 = Jonathan P. | last7 = Medow | first7 = Marvin S. | last8 = Natelson | first8 = Benjamin H. | authorlink8 = Benjamin Natelson | last9 = Stewart | first9 = Julian M. | authorlink9 = Julian Stewart | date = Sep 2012 | title = Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome. III. Relationships to cortical glutathione and clinical symptoms implicate oxidative stress in disorder pathophysiology: VENTRICULAR LACTATE, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN CFS|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/nbm.2772|journal=NMR in Biomedicine|language=en|volume=25|issue=9|pages=1073β1087|doi=10.1002/nbm.2772|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via= }}</ref> ** Found significant differences in lactate and glutathione in the occipital cortex and ventricles * Murrough et al. 2010<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Murrough|first = James W. | last2 = Mao | first2 = Xiangling | last3 = Collins | first3 = Katherine A. | last4 = Kelly | first4 = Chris | last5 = Andrade | first5 = Gizely | last6 = Nestadt | first6 = Paul | last7 = Levine | first7 = Susan M. | authorlink7 = Susan Levine | last8 = Mathew | first8 = Sanjay J. | last9 = Shungu | first9 = Dikoma C. | author-link9 = Dikoma Shungu | date = 2010-03-16 | title = Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome measured by 1H MRS imaging at 3.0 T. II: comparison with major depressive disorder |url =http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/nbm.1512|journal=NMR in Biomedicine|language=en|volume=23|issue=6 | pages = 643β650|doi=10.1002/nbm.1512|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via= }}</ref> ** Found a significant difference in lactate between ME/CFS patients and control group in the anterior cingulate cortex, occipital cortex, and ventricles * Puri et al. 2009<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Puri|first = B.K. | last2 = Agour | first2 = M. | last3 = Gunatilake | first3 = K.D.R. | last4 = Fernando | first4 = K.A.C. | last5 = Gurusinghe | first5 = A.I. | last6 = Treasaden | first6 = I.H. | date = Nov 2009 | title = An in vivo proton neurospectroscopy study of cerebral oxidative stress in myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0952327809001720|journal=Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids|language=en|volume=81|issue=5-6 | pages = 303β305|doi=10.1016/j.plefa.2009.10.002|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> * Mathew et al. 2008<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Mathew|first = Sanjay J. | last2 = Mao | first2 = Xiangling | last3 = Keegan | first3 = Kathryn A. | last4 = Levine | first4 = Susan M. | last5 = Smith | authorlink5 = Susan Levine | first5 = Eric L.P. | last6 = Heier | first6 = Linda A. | last7 = Otcheretko | first7 = Viktor | last8 = Coplan | first8 = Jeremy D. | last9 = Shungu | first9 = Dikoma C. | authorlink9 = Dikoma Shungu | date = Apr 2009 | title = Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate is increased in chronic fatigue syndrome compared with generalized anxiety disorder: an in vivo 3.0 T 1 H MRS imaging study|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/nbm.1315|journal=NMR in Biomedicine|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=251β258|doi=10.1002/nbm.1315|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via= }}</ref> ** Found a significant difference in lactate between ME/CFS patients and control group in corpus callosum and ventricles * Puri et al. 2002<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Puri | first = B.K. | authorlink = Basant Puri | last2 = Counsell | first2 = S.J. | last3 = Zaman | first3 = R. | last4 = Main | first4 = J. | last5 = Collins | first5 = A.G. |last6 = Hajnal | first6 = J.V. | last7 = Davey | first7 = N.J. | date = Sep 2002 | title = Relative increase in choline in the occipital cortex in chronic fatigue syndrome: Occipital cortex in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01300.x|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|language=en|volume=106|issue=3|pages=224β226|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01300.x|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> ** Found a significant differences in choline between ME/CFS patients and control group in occipital cortex and left motor cortex * Brooks et al. 2000<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Brooks | first = J C | last2 = Roberts | first2 = N | last3 = Whitehouse | first3 = G | last4 = Majeed | first4 = T | date = Nov 2000 | title = Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphometry of the hippocampus in chronic fatigue syndrome.|url=http://www.birpublications.org/doi/10.1259/bjr.73.875.11144799|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|language=en|volume=73|issue=875|pages=1206β1208|doi=10.1259/bjr.73.875.11144799|issn=0007-1285|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> * Tomoda et al.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Tomoda | first = Akemi | last2 = Miike | first2 = Teruhisa | last3 = Yamada | first3 = Eiji | last4 = Honda | first4 = Hajime | last5 = Moroi | first5 = Toshihiro | last6 = Ogawa | first6 = Masakatsu | last7 = Ohtani | first7 = Yoshinobu | last8 = Morishita | first8 = Shoji | date = Jan 2000 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in childhood | url =https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0387760499001114|journal=Brain and Development|language=en|volume=22|issue=1 | pages = 60β64|doi=10.1016/S0387-7604(99)00111-4|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> ** Found a significant difference in choline between ME/CFS patients and control group in frontal white matter
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