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Magnesium
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==In human disease== === Chronic fatigue syndrome === In 1991, Cox et al., performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 20 United Kingdom [[CFS|chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS) patients finding that the subjects with CFS had lower [[red blood cell magnesium]] than healthy controls. Patients treated with intramuscular magnesium sulphate for six weeks had higher self-reported energy levels, better emotional state and less pain on the Nottingham health profile when compared to placebo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title = Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1672392|journal=Lancet (London, England) | date = 1991-03-30|issn=0140-6736|pmid=1672392 | pages = 757โ760|volume=337|issue=8744|first = I.M. | last = Cox | first2 = M.J. | last2 = Campbell | first3 = D. | last3 = Dowson}}</ref> In contrast, three subsequent caseโreport studies, two in the UK (Clague et al., 1992<ref>Clague JE, Edwards RH, Jackson MJ (1992). Intravenous magnesium loading in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 340: 124โ125. PMID:1352002</ref> and Hinds et al., 1994<ref>Hinds G, Bell NP, McMaster D, McCluskey DR (1994). Normal red cell magnesium concentrations and magnesium loading tests in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 31 (Pt 5): 459โ461. DOI:10.1177/000456329403100506</ref>), and one in the Netherlands (Swanink et al., 1995<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Swanink|first = C.M. | authorlink = | last2 = Vercoulen | first2 = J. H. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Bleijenberg | first3 = G. | authorlink3 = Gijs Bleijenberg | last4 = Fennis | first4 = J.F. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Galama | first5 = J.M. | author-link5 = | last6 = van der Meer | first6 = J.W. | authorlink6 = Jos van der Meer | date = May 1995 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: a clinical and laboratory study with a well matched control group | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7738491|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=237|issue=5 | pages = 499โ506|issn=0954-6820|pmid=7738491|quote=|via=}}</ref>), did not find magnesium deficiency in CFS trial subjects. === X-MEN === A 2014 study found magnesium transporter issues were linked to chronic [[Epstein-Barr virus]] infection, decreased [[Natural killer cell]] function, and neoplasia (sometimes-cancerous growths).<ref name="X-men_disease_1">{{Citation | last1 = Li | first1 = F.-Y. | authorlink1 = | last2 = Chaigne-Delalande | first2 = B | authorlink2 = | last3 = Su | first3 = H| last4 = Matthews | first4 = H| last5 = Lenardo | first5 = M.J. | authorlink3 = | display-authors =| title = XMEN disease: a new primary immunodeficiency affecting Mg2+ regulation of immunity against Epstein-Barr virus. | journal = Blood| year = 2014 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2013-11-538686 }}</ref> This disorder, termed 'X-MEN' (for X-linked, EBV, and neoplasia) was identified as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive_inheritance recessive, X-linked disorder] that would therefore be many times more common in men. Due to magnesium's role as a 'second messenger', this magnesium transporter disorder also would result in a primary [[immunodeficiency]] that would worsen with age.<ref name="X-men_disease_1" /> Patients also have impaired T-cell activation and decreased natural killer (NK) cell function due to a decreased expression of "the NK stimulatory receptor 'natural-killer group 2, member D' (NKG2D)."<ref name="X-men_disease_2" /> Although T-cells are affected, there is no direct evidence of B-cell effects in X-MEN disease.<ref name="X-men_disease_2">{{Citation | last1 = Ravell | first1 = J | authorlink1 = | last2 = Chaigne-Delalande | first2 = B | authorlink2 = | last3 = Lenardo | first3 = M| title = XMEN disease: a combined immune deficiency with magnesium defect. | journal = Current Opinion in Pediatrics | year = 2014| doi = 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000156}}</ref> Since chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection has been associated with chronic fatigue syndrome, this error in magnesium transport may be worth considering in male patients, especially with slow onset and history of childhood infection.<ref name="X-men_disease_1" /> ===Mast cell activation disorder=== Magnesium is a cofactor in the production of [[diamine oxidase]]. It is an enzyme that breaks down [[histamine]], which is released by [[mast cell]]s.
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