Anonymous
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Search
Editing
Long COVID pathophysiology
(section)
From MEpedia, a crowd-sourced encyclopedia of ME and CFS science and history
Namespaces
Page
Discussion
More
More
Page actions
Read
Edit
Edit source
History
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
=== Infection and immunity === A range of [[:Category:Antibodies|antibodies]] have been found in patients with persistent post-acute COVID symptoms. Elevated [[G-protein coupled receptor]] autoantibodies have been found.<ref>{{Cite journal | date = 2021-01-01 | title = Functional autoantibodies against G-protein coupled receptors in patients with persistent Long-COVID-19 symptoms|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589909021000204|journal=Journal of Translational Autoimmunity|language=en|volume=4|pages=100100|doi=10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100100|issn=2589-9090}}</ref> One study founded elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) titles in 43.6% of long COVID patients twelve months after symptom onset.<ref name="See2021">{{Cite journal|last = Seeßle | first = Jessica | last2 = Waterboer | first2 = Tim | last3 = Hippchen | first3 = Theresa | last4 = Simon | first4 = Julia | last5 = Kirchner | first5 = Marietta | last6 = Lim | first6 = Adeline | last7 = Müller | first7 = Barbara | last8 = Merle | first8 = Uta | date = 2021-07-05 | title = Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab611|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|issue=ciab611|doi=10.1093/cid/ciab611|issn=1058-4838|pages=|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via=|volume=}}</ref> Long COVID may be associated [[herpesvirus]] reactivation such as [[Epstein-Barr virus|Epstein-Barr Virus]],<ref name="Gold2021">{{Cite journal|last = Gold | first = Jeffrey E. | last2 = Okyay | first2 = Ramazan A. | last3 = Licht | first3 = Warren E. | last4 = Hurley | first4 = David J. | date = Jun 2021 | title = Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation | url =https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/6/763|journal=Pathogens|language=en|volume=10|issue=6 | pages = 763|doi=10.3390/pathogens10060763|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|via=}}</ref> which has been shown to cause elevations of certain G-protein coupled receptor autoantibody types.<ref name="Albani2002">{{cite book | last2 = Albani | first2 = Salvatore | title = Immune-mediated Disorders of the Central Nervous System in Children | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5trQOK8hcZUC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=coxsackie&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjflpmqg9fOAhWBeSYKHSR4Dh0Q6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=coxsackie%20b%20acetylcholine&f=false | pages = 7|isbn=0861966317|edition=|volume=10|language=|title-link=|access-date= | date = 2002|publisher=John Libbey Eurotext|last = Giannoni|first = Francesca | authorlink3 = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location=|editor-last = Angelini|editor-first = Lucia|editor1-link=|editor-last2 = Bardare|editor-first2 = Maria|series=Mariani Foundation paediatric neurology|editor-last3 = Martini|editor-first3 = Alberto|editor-last4 = Pierfranco|editor-first4 = Fondazione|editor-last5 = Mariani|editor-first5 = Luisa|chapter=Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity}}</ref><ref name="Gebhardt2000">{{Cite journal|last = Gebhardt | first = B.M. | date = 2000-06-26 | title = Evidence for antigenic cross-reactivity between herpesvirus and the acetylcholine receptor |url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10742556|journal=Journal of Neuroimmunology|volume=105|issue=2|pages=145–153|issn=0165-5728|pmid=10742556}}</ref><ref name="Brenner1989">{{Cite journal|last = Brenner | first = T. | last2 = Timore | first2 = Y. | last3 = Wirguin | first3 = I. | last4 = Abramsky | first4 = O. | last5 = Steinitz | first5 = M. | date = Oct 1989 | title = In vitro synthesis of antibodies to acetylcholine receptor by Epstein-Barr virus-stimulated B-lymphocytes derived from patients with myasthenia gravis|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2553772|journal=Journal of Neuroimmunology|volume=24|issue=3|pages=217–222|issn=0165-5728|pmid=2553772}}</ref><ref name="Kaminski">{{Cite journal | last = Kaminski|first = Henry J. | last2 = Janos | first2 = Minarovits | title = Epstein-barr virus: Trigger for autoimmunity?|volume=67|issue=6 | pages = 697-8 | date = Jun 2010|pmid=20517931|doi=10.1002/ana.22031|url=http://www.academia.edu/20258853/Epstein-barr_virus_Trigger_for_autoimmunity/|journal=Annals of Neurology|language=en|issn=0364-5134}}</ref> Non-classical [[monocyte]]s (CD14low, CD16+) have been found in the blood of Long COVID patients up to 15 months after infection.<ref name="Patterson2021">{{Cite journal | last = Patterson | first = Bruce K. | last2 = Francisco | first2 = Edgar B. | last3 = Yogendra | first3 = Ram | last4 = Long | first4 = Emily | last5 = Pise | first5 = Amruta | last6 = Rodrigues | first6 = Hallison | last7 = Hall | first7 = Eric | last8 = Herrara | first8 = Monica | last9 = Parikh | first9 = Purvi | date = 2021-07-26 | title = Persistence of SARS CoV-2 S1 Protein in CD16+ Monocytes in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) Up to 15 Months Post-Infection | url =https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449905v3|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=2021.06.25.449905|doi=10.1101/2021.06.25.449905}}</ref> It has been determined that these particular non-classical monocytes express the fractalkine receptor and the CCR5 receptor.<ref name="Patterson2021" /> Since [[TNF-alpha]] and [[IFN-gamma]], which is elevated in Long COVID patients<ref name="Patterson2020">{{Cite journal | last = Patterson | first = Bruce K. | last2 = Guevara-Coto | first2 = Jose | last3 = Yogendra | first3 = Ram | last4 = Francisco | first4 = Edgar | last5 = Long | first5 = Emily | last6 = Pise | first6 = Amruta | last7 = Rodrigues | first7 = Hallison | last8 = Parikh | first8 = Purvi | last9 = Mora | first9 = Javier | date = 2020-12-22 | title = Immune-Based Prediction of COVID-19 Severity and Chronicity Decoded Using Machine Learning | url =https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423122v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.12.16.423122|doi=10.1101/2020.12.16.423122}}</ref>, cause endothelial cells to produce fractalkine (CX3CL1) ligands<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Matsumiya | first = Tomoh | last2 = Ota | first2 = Ken | last3 = Imaizumi | first3 = Tadaatsu | last4 = Yoshida | first4 = Hidemi | last5 = Kimura | first5 = Hiroto | last6 = Satoh | first6 = Kei | date = 2010-04-15 | title = Characterization of Synergistic Induction of CX3CL1/Fractalkine by TNF-α and IFN-γ in Vascular Endothelial Cells: An Essential Role for TNF-α in Post-Transcriptional Regulation of CX3CL1|url=https://www.jimmunol.org/content/184/8/4205|journal=The Journal of Immunology|language=en|volume=184|issue=8 | pages = 4205–4214|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.0903212|issn=0022-1767|pmid=20231691}}</ref>, said monocytes bind to endothelial cells and cause inflammation. The presence of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and TNF-alpha inhibits apoptosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Narasimhan | first = Prakash Babu | last2 = Marcovecchio | first2 = Paola | last3 = Hamers | first3 = Anouk A.J. | last4 = Hedrick | first4 = Catherine C. | date = 2019-04-26 | title = Nonclassical Monocytes in Health and Disease|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31026415/|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=37 | pages = 439–456|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053119|issn=1545-3278|pmid=31026415}}</ref> and thereby allows these non-classical monocytes to survive for a long time.
Summary:
Please make sure your edits are consistent with
MEpedia's guidelines
.
By saving changes, you agree to the
Terms of use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 3.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Navigation
Navigation
Skip to content
Main page
Browse
Become an editor
Random page
Popular pages
Abbreviations
Glossary
About MEpedia
Links for editors
Contents
Guidelines
Recent changes
Pages in need
Search
Help
Wiki tools
Wiki tools
Special pages
Page tools
Page tools
User page tools
More
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Page logs