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Long COVID pathophysiology
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==Notable studies == *2021, <sup>18</sup>F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in patients with long COVID<ref name="Guedj2021">{{Cite journal|last = Guedj|first = E. | last2 = Campion | first2 = J.Y. | last3 = Dudouet | first3 = P. | last4 = Kaphan | first4 = E. | last5 = Bregeon | first5 = F. | last6 = Tissot-Dupont | first6 = H. | last7 = Guis | first7 = S. | last8 = Barthelemy | first8 = F. | last9 = Habert | first9 = P. | date = 2021-08-01 | title = 18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in patients with long COVID|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05215-4|journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging|language=en|volume=48|issue=9|pages=2823–2833|doi=10.1007/s00259-021-05215-4|issn=1619-7089|pmc=PMC7837643|pmid=33501506}}</ref> [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00259-021-05215-4 (Full text)] *2021, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other autonomic disorders after COVID-19 infection: a case series of 20 patients<ref name="Blitshteyn2021">{{Cite journal|last = Blitshteyn | first = Svetlana | last2 = Whitelaw | first2 = Sera | date = 2021-04-01 | title = Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other autonomic disorders after COVID-19 infection: a case series of 20 patients|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-021-09185-5|journal=Immunologic Research|language=en|volume=69|issue=2|pages=205–211|doi=10.1007/s12026-021-09185-5|issn=1559-0755|pmc=PMC8009458|pmid=33786700}}</ref> [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12026-021-09185-5 (Full text)] *2021, Corneal confocal microscopy identifies corneal nerve fibre loss and increased dendritic cells in patients with long COVID<ref name="Bitirgen2021">{{Cite journal|last = Bitirgen | first = Gulfidan | last2 = Korkmaz | first2 = Celalettin | last3 = Zamani | first3 = Adil | last4 = Ozkagnici | first4 = Ahmet | last5 = Zengin | first5 = Nazmi | last6 = Ponirakis | first6 = Georgios | last7 = Malik | first7 = Rayaz A. | date = 2021-07-08 | title = Corneal confocal microscopy identifies corneal nerve fibre loss and increased dendritic cells in patients with long COVID|url=https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2021/07/08/bjophthalmol-2021-319450|journal=British Journal of Ophthalmology|language=en|doi=10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319450|issn=0007-1161|pmid=34312122}}</ref> [https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2021/07/08/bjophthalmol-2021-319450 (Full text)] *2021, Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19<ref name="Yeoh2021">{{Cite journal|last = Yeoh|first = Yun Kit | last2 = Zuo | first2 = Tao | last3 = Lui | first3 = Grace Chung-Yan | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Fen | last5 = Liu | first5 = Qin | last6 = Li | first6 = Amy YL | last7 = Chung | first7 = Arthur CK | last8 = Cheung | first8 = Chun Pan | last9 = Tso | first9 = Eugene YK | date = 2021-04-01 | title = Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19|url=https://gut.bmj.com/content/70/4/698|journal=Gut|language=en|volume=70|issue=4 | pages = 698–706|doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020|issn=0017-5749|pmid=33431578}}</ref> [https://gut.bmj.com/content/70/4/698 (Full text)] - Pre-print *2021, Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin<ref name="Pretorius2021">{{Cite journal | last = Pretorius | first = Etheresia | last2 = Vlok | first2 = Mare | last3 = Venter | first3 = Chantelle | last4 = Bezuidenhout | first4 = Johannes A. | last5 = Laubscher | first5 = Gert Jacobus | last6 = Steenkamp | first6 = Janami | last7 = Kell | first7 = Douglas B. | date = 2021-05-24 | title = Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin | url =https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.21257578v2|journal=medRxiv|language=en|pages=2021.05.21.21257578|doi=10.1101/2021.05.21.21257578}}</ref> [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.21257578v2 (Full text)] - Pre-print *2021, Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection<ref name="Phetsouphanh">{{Cite journal | last = Phetsouphanh|first = Chansavath | last2 = Darley | first2 = David | last3 = Howe | first3 = Anette | last4 = Munier | first4 = C. Mee Ling | last5 = Patel | first5 = Sheila K. | last6 = Juno | first6 = Jenifer A. | last7 = Burrell | first7 = Louise M. | last8 = Kent | first8 = Stephen J. | last9 = Dore | first9 = Gregory J. | date = 2021-06-03 | title = Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection | url =https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.21257759v1|journal=medRxiv|language=en|pages=2021.06.01.21257759|doi=10.1101/2021.06.01.21257759}}</ref> [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.21257759v1 (Full text)] - Pre-print *2021, Clinical characterization of dysautonomia in long COVID-19 patients<ref name="Barizien2021">{{Cite journal|last = Barizien | first = Nicolas | last2 = Le Guen | first2 = Morgan | last3 = Russel | first3 = Stéphanie | last4 = Touche | first4 = Pauline | last5 = Huang | first5 = Florent | last6 = Vallée | first6 = Alexandre | date = 2021-07-07 | title = Clinical characterization of dysautonomia in long COVID-19 patients|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-93546-5|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=14042|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-93546-5|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-93546-5 (Full text)] *2021, Persistent Exertional Intolerance after COVID-19: Insights from Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing<ref name="Singh2021">{{Cite journal|last = Singh|first = Inderjit | authorlink = | last2 = Joseph | first2 = Phillip | authorlink2 = | last3 = Heerdt | first3 = Paul M. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Cullinan | first4 = Marjorie | authorlink4 = | last5 = Lutchmansingh | first5 = Denyse D. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Gulati | first6 = Mridu | authorlink6 = | last7 = Possick | first7 = Jennifer D. | last8 = Systrom | first8 = David M. | authorlink8 = David Systrom | last9 = Waxman | first9 = Aaron B. | date = 2021-08-10 | title = Persistent Exertional Intolerance after COVID-19: Insights from Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing.|url=https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(21)03635-7/abstract|journal=CHEST|language=English|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.010|issn=0012-3692|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(21)03635-7/fulltext (Full text)] *2021, Persistent Endotheliopathy in the Pathogenesis of Long COVID Syndrome<ref name="Fogarty2021">{{Cite journal | last = Fogarty|first = Helen | authorlink = | last2 = Townsend | first2 = Liam | authorlink2 = | last3 = Morrin | first3 = Hannah | authorlink3 = | last4 = Ahmad | first4 = Azaz | authorlink4 = | last5 = Comerford | first5 = Claire | authorlink5 = | last6 = Karampini | first6 = Ellie | authorlink6 = | last7 = Englert | first7 = Hanna | last8 = Byrne | first8 = Mary | last9 = Bergin | first9 = Colm | date = | title = Persistent Endotheliopathy in the Pathogenesis of Long COVID Syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jth.15490|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1111/jth.15490|issn=1538-7836|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jth.15490 (Full text)] *2021, Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms<ref name="Proal2021">{{Cite journal | last = Proal|first = Amy D. | authorlink = Amy Proal | last2 = VanElzakker | first2 = Michael B. | authorlink2 = Michael VanElzakker | date = 2021 | title=Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169/full|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=English|volume=12|issue= | pages = 698169|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169|issn=1664-302X|pmc=8260991|pmid=34248921|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.24.20248802 (Full text)] *2020, Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria<ref name="PMC7737559">{{Cite journal|last = Raveendran | first = A.V. | date = 2021 | title=Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7737559/|journal=Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome|volume=15|issue=1|pages=145–146|doi=10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.025|issn=1871-4021|pmc=7737559|pmid=33341598}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7737559/ (Full text)] *2020, Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID<ref name="Dennis2020">{{Cite journal|last = Dennis | first = Andrea | authorlink = | last2 = Wamil | first2 = Malgorzata | authorlink2 = | last3 = Kapur | first3 = Sandeep | authorlink3 = | last4 = Alberts | first4 = Johann | authorlink4 = | last5 = Badley | first5 = Andrew D. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Decker | first6 = Gustav Anton | authorlink6 = | last7 = Rizza | first7 = Stacey A. | last8 = Banerjee | first8 = Rajarshi | last9 = Banerjee | first9 = Amitava | authorlink9 = | date = 2020-10-16 | title = Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555v1|journal=medRxiv|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=2020.10.14.20212555|doi=10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555 (Full text)] - Pre-print *2020, Living with covid-19. A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing covid-19 symptoms (often called long covid)<ref name="NIHR15Oct2020">{{Cite web|url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19 | title = Living with covid-19. A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing covid-19 symptoms (often called long covid). | last = National Institute for Health Research|first = | authorlink = National Institute for Health Research | date = Oct 2020|doi=10.3310/themedreview_41169 |website=National Institute for Health Research|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref> [https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19 (Full text)]
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