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List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis
(section)
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=== Immune dysregulation === * [[Natural killer cell]] function is reduced<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Role of adaptive and innate immune cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343819|journal=International Immunology | date = Apr 2014|issn=1460-2377|pmid=24343819|pages=233β242|volume=26|issue=4|doi=10.1093/intimm/dxt068|first = Ekua Weba | last = Brenu | first2 = Teilah K. | last2 = Huth | first3 = Sharni L. | last3 = Hardcastle | first4 = Kirsty | last4 = Fuller | first5 = Manprit | last5 = Kaur | first6 = Samantha | last6 = Johnston | first7 = Sandra B. | last7 = Ramos | first8 = Don R. | last8 = Staines | first9 = Sonya M. | last9 = Marshall-Gradisnik}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Victoria Scott | first = David Strayer | date = 2015 | title=Low NK Cell Activity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Relationship to Symptom Severity|url=https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/low-nk-cell-activity-in-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs-and-relationship-to-symptom-severity-2155-9899-1000348.php?aid=59415|journal=Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|doi=10.4172/2155-9899.1000348|issn=2155-9899}}</ref> * [[Cytokine]] dysregulation<ref name="Montoya, 2017">{{citation | last1 = Montoya | first1 = Jose G. | authorlink1 = Jose Montoya | last2 = Holmes | first2 = Tyson H. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Anderson | first3 = Jill N. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Maecker | first4 = Holden T. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Rosenberg-Hasson | first5 = Yael | authorlink5 = | last6 = Valencia | first6 = Ian J. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Chu | first7 = Lily | authorlink7 = Lily Chu | last8 =Younger | first8 = Jarred W. | authorlink8 = Jarred Younger | last9 =Tato | first9 = Cristina M. | authorlink9 = | last10 = Davis | first10 = Mark M. | authorlink10 = Mark Davis | title = Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in chronic fatigue syndrome patients | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 34 | pages = E7150-E7158 | date = 2017 | pmid = | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1710519114 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.meaction.net/2015/12/07/study-finds-evidence-of-downregulated-immune-system-in-mecfs-patients Study finds evidence of downregulated immune system in ME/CFS patients - MEAction - Landi, et al.]</ref><ref>[http://microbediscovery.org/2017/04/04/new-research-discovers-evidence-of-atypical-classical-mecfs/ New Research Discovers Evidence of Atypical & Classical ME/CFS - The Microbe Discovery Project - Apr 4, 2017]</ref> * Elevated [[regulatory T cell]]s<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Brenu|first = Ekua Weba | last2 = Huth | first2 = Teilah K. | last3 = Hardcastle | first3 = Sharni L. | last4 = Fuller | first4 = Kirsty | last5 = Kaur | first5 = Manprit | last6 = Johnston | first6 = Samantha | last7 = Ramos | first7 = Sandra B. | last8 = Staines | first8 = Don R. | last9 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first9 = Sonya M. | date = Apr 2014 | title = Role of adaptive and innate immune cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343819|journal=International Immunology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=233β242|doi=10.1093/intimm/dxt068|issn=1460-2377|pmid=24343819}}</ref> * increased [[mast cell]] populations<ref>{{Cite journal | last = RΓΆnnberg|first = E | last2 = Calounova | first2 = G | last3 = Pejler | first3 = G | date = June 2017 | title = Novel characterisation of mast cell phenotypes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis patients|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27362406|journal=Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol|volume=35|issue=2 | pages = 75-81|via=}}</ref> * elevated anti-cholinergic [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor|muscarinic]], Ξ-adrenergic,<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Loebel|first = Madlen | last2 = Grabowski | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Heidecke | first3 = Harald | last4 = Bauer | first4 = Sandra | last5 = Hanitsch | first5 = Leif G. | last6 = Wittke | first6 = Kirsten | last7 = Meisel | first7 = Christian | last8 = Reinke | first8 = Petra | last9 = Volk | first9 = Hans-Dieter | date = Feb 2016 | title = Antibodies to Ξ² adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399744|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=52 | pages = 32β39|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013|issn=1090-2139|pmid=26399744}}</ref> [[phosphatidylinositol]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | last2 = Mihaylova | first2 = Ivanka | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude | date = Dec 2007 | title = Increased serum IgM antibodies directed against phosphatidyl inositol (Pi) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depression: evidence that an IgM-mediated immune response against Pi is one factor underpinning the comorbidity between both CFS and depression | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063934|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=28|issue=6 | pages = 861β867|issn=0172-780X|pmid=18063934}}</ref> and [[serotonin]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | last2 = Ringel | first2 = Karl | last3 = Kubera | first3 = Marta | last4 = Anderson | first4 = George | last5 = Morris | first5 = Gerwyn | last6 = Galecki | first6 = Piotr | last7 = Geffard | first7 = Michel | date = 2013-09-05 | title = In myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, increased autoimmune activity against 5-HT is associated with immuno-inflammatory pathways and bacterial translocation | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23664637|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=150|issue=2|pages=223β230|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.029|issn=1573-2517|pmid=23664637}}</ref> autoantibodies * Reduced CD4+ function<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients exhibit altered T cell metabolism and cytokine associations|date=2020-03-02|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31830003/|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=130|issue=3|pages=1491β1505|last=Mandarano|first=Alexandra H.|last2=Maya|first2=Jessica|last3=Giloteaux|first3=Ludovic|last4=Peterson|first4=Daniel L.|last5=Maynard|first5=Marco|last6=Gottschalk|first6=C. Gunnar|last7=Hanson|first7=Maureen R.|doi=10.1172/JCI132185|pmc=7269566|pmid=31830003|issn=1558-8238}}</ref> and reduced CD4+ count<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Study of immune alterations in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome with different etiologies|date=2004|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345193/|journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology|volume=17|issue=2 Suppl|pages=57β62|last=Racciatti|first=D.|last2=Dalessandro|first2=M.|last3=Delle Donne|first3=L.|last4=Falasca|first4=K.|last5=Zingariello|first5=P.|last6=Paganelli|first6=R.|last7=Pizzigallo|first7=E.|last8=Vecchiet|first8=J.|doi=10.1177/03946320040170S210|pmid=15345193|issn=0394-6320}}</ref> * Reduced CD8+ function<ref name=":5" /> and reduced CD8+ count<ref name=":6" /> * Lowered CD4+/CD8+ ratio<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto)immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers|date=2015-01-01|url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/26707044|journal=Neuro endocrinology letters|volume=36|issue=5|pages=439β446|last=Maes|first=Michael|last2=Bosmans|first2=Eugene|last3=Kubera|first3=Marta|pmid=26707044|issn=2354-4716}}</ref>
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