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List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis
(section)
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=== Gastrointestinal tract === {{Main article |page_name = Gastrointestinal tract}} * lower levels of [[Bifidobacteria]], [[Escherichia coli]] and higher levels of [[aerobic bacteria]],<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: lactic acid bacteria may be of therapeutic value|url=http://www.medical-hypotheses.com/article/S0306-9877(03)00096-3/abstract|journal=Medical Hypotheses | date = Jun 2003|issn=0306-9877 | pages = 915–923|volume=60|issue=6|doi=10.1016/S0306-9877(03)00096-3|language=English|first = Alan C | last = Logan | first2 = A | last2 = Venket Rao | first3 = Dinaz | last3 = Irani}}</ref> in particular [[Enterococcus]] and [[Streptococcus]] species<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Increased d-lactic Acid intestinal bacteria in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19567398|journal=In Vivo (Athens, Greece) | date = Jul 2009|issn=0258-851X|pmid=19567398 | pages = 621–628|volume=23|issue=4|first = John R. | last = Sheedy | first2 = Richard E.H. | last2 = Wettenhall | first3 = Denis | last3 = Scanlon | first4 = Paul R. | last4 = Gooley | first5 = Donald P. | last5 = Lewis | first6 = Neil | last6 = McGregor | first7 = David I. | last7 = Stapleton | first8 = Henry L. | last8 = Butt | first9 = Kenny L. | last9 = DE Meirleir}}</ref> * higher levels of enterococcus bacteria in CFS patients were associated with more severe neurological and cognitive dysfunction<ref>https://getinfo.de/en/search/id/BLCP%3ACN055885616/%60Bacterial-Colonosis-in-Patients-with-Persistent/</ref> * Significantly increased proportions of Firmicutes<ref>{{Cite journal | title = High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996413000929|journal=Anaerobe | date = 2013-08-01|issn=1075-9964 | pages = 50–56|volume=22|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.002|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal | last = Giloteaux | first = Ludovic | last2 = Goodrich | first2 = Julia K. | last3 = Walters | first3 = William A. | last4 = Levine | first4 = Susan M. | author-link4 = Susan Levine | last5 = Ley | first5 = Ruth E. | last6 = Hanson | first6 = Maureen R. | date = 2016-06-23 | title = Reduced diversity and altered composition of the gut microbiome in individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918027/|journal=Microbiome|volume=4|doi=10.1186/s40168-016-0171-4|issn=2049-2618|pmc=4918027|pmid=27338587}}</ref> and Bacteroides<ref name=":7" /> * CFS patients may suffer from [[small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]] (SIBO) at high rates<ref name="Pimentel2000">{{Citation | last1 = Pimentel | first1 = M | authorlink1 = Mark Pimentel | last2 = Hallegua | first2 = D | authorlink2 = David Hallegua | last3 = Chow | first3 = EJ | authorlink3 = Evelyn Chow | last4 = Wallace | first4 = D | authorlink4 = Daniel Wallace | last5 = Bonorris | first5 = G | authorlink5 = George Bonorris | last6 = Lin | first6 = HC | authorlink6 = Henry Lin | title = Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth decreases symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome: A double blind, randomized study | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 118 | issue = 4| pages = 414 | date = 1 Apr 2000 | doi = 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)83765-8 | url = http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016508500837658/abstract }}</ref> * Higher levels of serum [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] and [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] against [[lipopolysaccharide]]s (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of [[gram-negative bacteria]], indicating translocation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | last2 = Mihaylova | first2 = Ivana | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude | date = 2007-04-01 | title = Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut–intestinal permeability|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032706003557|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|language=en|volume=99|issue=1|pages=237–240|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.021|issn=0165-0327}}</ref> Serum [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] was significantly correlated to the severity of illness.
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