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Leslie Simpson
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=== Non-deformable erythrocytes === Simpson became interested in ME as some of the disease symptoms were suggestive of impaired microcirculation. In 1986 he reported impaired filtration of red blood cells in a sample of ME patients. His pioneering paper suggested ME to be “associated with changes in blood rheology which could impair microcirculatory blood flow.”<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Simpson | first = L.O. | last2 = Shand | first2 = B.I. | last3 = Olds | first3 = R.J. | date = Apr 1986 | title = Blood rheology and myalgic encephalomyelitis: a pilot study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3093959|journal=Pathology|volume=18|issue=2|pages=190–192|issn=0031-3025|pmid=3093959}}</ref> This study sparked the interest of T.M. Mukherjee and colleagues in [[Australia]]. In a letter published in [[The Lancet|''The Lancet,'']] they reported red cell deformities in some ME patients that they had never seen before.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Maros | first = K. | last2 = Smith | first2 = K. | last3 = Mukherjee | first3 = T.M. | date = 1987-08-08 | title = ABNORMAL RED-BLOOD-CELL MORPHOLOGY IN MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(87)90909-3/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=330|issue=8554 | pages = 328–329|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90909-3|issn=1474-547X}}</ref> The report by Mukherjee was however criticized for not using a proper control group. Lloyd et al. tried to replicate the findings in 12 patients with CFS and 10 healthy controls, but found that most of the cells from patients and controls had normal, smooth biconcave morphology.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bajenov|first = N. | last2 = Collings | first2 = A. | last3 = Mcgrath | first3 = M. | last4 = Isbister | first4 = J. | last5 = Smith | first5 = L. | last6 = Wakefield | first6 = D. | last7 = Lloyd | first7 = A. | date = 1989-07-22 | title = RED BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(89)90399-1/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=334|issue=8656|pages=217|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90399-1|issn=1474-547X}}</ref> Interest in blood cell deformity and impaired circulation in ME patients waned with only Simpson publishing about the topic. In a 1989 study he compared a large sample of patients with (self-reported) ME with [[multiple sclerosis]] (MS) patients and healthy controls. Samples from subjects with myalgic encephalomyelitis had the lowest percentages of normal shaped red cells and the highest incidence of cup-shaped forms.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Simpson | first = L.O. | date = 1989-03-22 | title = Nondiscocytic erythrocytes in myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2927808|journal=The New Zealand Medical Journal|volume=102|issue=864|pages=126–127|issn=0028-8446|pmid=2927808}}</ref> Through collaboration with ME organizations in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and England, Simpson managed to test more than 2000 ME patients. Once again he found red cell shape transformation. “The results reported here, he wrote, “would support a proposal that ME is a hemorrheological disorder in which symptoms are manifestations of the consequences of impaired capillary blood flow.”<ref>Simpson LO, Herbison GP. [http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1997/pdf/1997-v12n04-p221.pdf The Results from Red Cell Shape Analyses of Blood Samples From Members of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Organisations in Four Countries]. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. 1997;12(4):221-226. </ref> Because the study was uncontrolled, the British Journal of Haematology refused to publish it.
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