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Ketogenic diet
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== Evidence for a ketogenic diet == === General Effects === In an animal model, a ketogenic diet was shown to increase [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]]l biogenesis.<ref name="RhoJM2007" /> A similar result was found in a study of fasting mice.<ref name="Cerqueira2011" /> Ketone bodies scavenge free radicals ''in vivo''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Haces | first = María L. | last2 = Hernández-Fonseca | first2 = Karla | last3 = Medina-Campos | first3 = Omar N. | last4 = Montiel | first4 = Teresa | last5 = Pedraza-Chaverri | first5 = José | last6 = Massieu | first6 = Lourdes | date = May 2008 | title = Antioxidant capacity contributes to protection of ketone bodies against oxidative damage induced during hypoglycemic conditions | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18339375|journal=Experimental Neurology|volume=211|issue=1 | pages = 85–96|doi=10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.029|issn=0014-4886|pmid=18339375}}</ref> Ketogenic diets reduce circulating levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factors.<ref name=":0" /> Acute nutritional ketosis is shown to reduce lactate production and improve performance potential in cycling activity. It is shown to prevent muscle wasting.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Cavaleri | first = Franco | last2 = Bashar | first2 = Emran | date = 2018-04-01 | title = Potential Synergies of β-Hydroxybutyrate and Butyrate on the Modulation of Metabolism, Inflammation, Cognition, and General Health | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5902005/|journal=Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism|volume=|doi=10.1155/2018/7195760|issn=2090-0724|pmc=5902005|pmid=29805804}}</ref> === Epilepsy === [[Neurotransmitter]]s regulate nerve impulses in the brain by either inhibiting impulse firing or exciting the [[neuron]] to fire. A primary inhibitory neurotransmitters is [[GABA]] and a primary excitatory neurotransmitters is [[glutamate]]. In patients with epilepsy, if the normal balance of inhibition and excitation is disrupted, a seizure can occur. It is unknown why ketogenic diets are protective against epilepsy. In animal models, the ketone bodies [[acetoacetate]] and [[acetone]] have anticonvulsant properties through a novel pathway.<ref name="Hartman2007" /> The Charlie Foundation supports the use of ketogenic diets with children with severe epilepsy.<ref name="CharlieFoundation" /> === Neurodegenerative Disease === There is evidence from uncontrolled clinical trials and animal models that ketogenic diets may be protective in neurodegenerative disorders including [[Alzheimer's|Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Gasior2006" /> Mice fed a ketogenic diet had increased activity of [[dopamine]]rgic neurons.<ref name="ChurchWH2014" /> In a rat model of Parkinson's, a ketogenic diet was protective against neurotoxicity by up-regulating glutathione.<ref name="ChengB2009" /> A clinical trial of Parkinson’s disease compared a ketogenic diet to a low-fat diet with improvement in motor symptoms in both groups after 8 weeks but greater improvement in non-motor symptoms (fatigue, pain, and cognitive impairment) in the ketogenic group. <ref>{{Cite journal | last = Phillips | first = Matthew C.L. | last2 = Murtagh | first2 = Deborah K.J. | last3 = Gilbertson | first3 = Linda J. | last4 = Asztely | first4 = Fredrik J.S. | last5 = Lynch | first5 = Christopher D.P. | date = Aug 2018 | title = Low-fat versus ketogenic diet in Parkinson's disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30098269/|journal=Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society|volume=33|issue=8|pages=1306–1314|doi=10.1002/mds.27390|issn=1531-8257|pmc=6175383|pmid=30098269}}</ref> Another study found dietary ketosis enhanced memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment.<ref name="Krikorian2012" /> ===Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) === The ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for TBI recovery in rats and shows potential in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = McDougall | first = Alexandre | last2 = Bayley | first2 = Mark | last3 = Munce | first3 = Sarah Ep | date = 2018 | title = The ketogenic diet as a treatment for traumatic brain injury: a scoping review | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29359959|journal=Brain Injury|volume=32|issue=4 | pages = 416–422|doi=10.1080/02699052.2018.1429025|issn=1362-301X|pmid=29359959}}</ref> === Migraine === A study of 96 migraine patients on a 1-month ketogenic diet experienced up to 80% fewer migraines, less severity, and less reliance on medications.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Di Lorenzo | first = C. | last2 = Coppola | first2 = G. | last3 = Sirianni | first3 = G. | last4 = Di Lorenzo | first4 = G. | last5 = Bracaglia | first5 = M. | last6 = Di Lenola | first6 = D. | last7 = Siracusano | first7 = A. | last8 = Rossi | first8 = P. | last9 = Pierelli | first9 = F. | date = Jan 2015 | title = Migraine improvement during short lasting ketogenesis: a proof-of-concept study | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156013|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=22|issue=1|pages=170–177|doi=10.1111/ene.12550|issn=1468-1331|pmid=25156013}}</ref> === Multiple Sclerosis === A ketogenic diet reduced the expression of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and improved quality of life as measured by the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 index.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bock | first = Markus | last2 = Karber | first2 = Mirjam | last3 = Kuhn | first3 = Hartmut | date = 2018-10-03 | title = Ketogenic diets attenuate cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase gene expression in multiple sclerosis | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197715/|journal=EBioMedicine|volume=36|pages=293–303|doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.057|issn=2352-3964|pmc=6197715|pmid=30292675}}</ref> === Chronic Fatigue Syndrome === No studies have been done on the effects of ketogenic diets in [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]. Some CFS clinicians recommend ketogenic diets as a management strategy<ref name="Myhillketo1" /><ref name="Craig20150325" /> citing [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]]l dysfunction<ref name="Myhill2009" />, [[immune system|immune]] dysfunction, and [[neuroinflammation]] as pathways through which ketogenic diets could confer some benefit.
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