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==ME/CFS== [[Klaus Wirth]] and [[Carmen Scheibenbogen]] hypothesize that high intracellular sodium levels may be the primary cause of the dysfunction in MECFS. This hypothesis states that high intracellular sodium caused by infection or [[exercise intolerance|exertion]] triggers calcium channels to reverse. This creates a positive feedback loop where even small amounts of exertion can cause severe intracellular ion imbalance (PEM). In particular, intracellular calcium is essential to [[mitochondria]]l function, causing the energy dysfunction seen in ME/CFS. This hypothesis also predicts low intracellular potassium following exertion in ME/CFS patients, causing a form of [[hypokalemic periodic paralysis]] seen in [[severe and very severe ME|severe patients]]. An Australian research team led by [[Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik]] found that both [[ME/CFS]] and [[Long COVID]] patients had ion channel receptor dysfunction that affected the flow of [[calcium]] into and out of cells.<ref name="Cabanas2021"/>
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