Immunoglobulin G: Difference between revisions

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'''Immunoglobulin G''' or '''IgG''' is a the most common class of antibody in human [[blood]], making up 80% of the antibodies, and is also found in tissue spaces.<ref name="18.1-OpenStax" />
'''Immunoglobulin G''' or '''IgG''' or '''immune gamma globulin''' is a the most common class of antibody in human [[blood]], making up 80% of the antibodies, and is also found in tissue spaces.<ref name="18.1-OpenStax" /> IgG antibodies bind to [[phagocyte]]s, have γ (gamma) heavy chains and can cross the [[placenta]].<ref name="18.1-OpenStax" /> The IgG class consists of [[#IgG1|IgG1]], [[#IgG2|IgG2]], [[IgG3|IgG3]] and [[#IgG4|IgG4]].<ref name="pid">{{Cite web | url = https://primaryimmune.org/about-primary-immunodeficiencies/specific-disease-types/igg-subclass-deficiency | title = IgG Subclass Deficiency | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = | website = Immune Deficiency Foundation|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>


==Function ==
==Function ==
IgG is the only antibody that can cross the placenta, giving unborn and new born babies protection against contagious diseases and other [[Infection|infections]].<ref name="18.1-OpenStax">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/18-1-overview-of-specific-adaptive-immunity|url=https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction|title=Microbiology|last=Parker|first=Nina|authorlink=|last2=Schneegurt|first2=Mark|authorlink2=|date=Nov 1, 2016|website=OpenStax|location=Houston, Texas|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-07-09|last3=Tu|first3=Anh-Hue Thi|last4=Lister|first4=Philip|last5=Forster|first5=Brian M.|chapter=18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity}}</ref>
IgG is the only antibody that can cross the placenta, giving unborn and new born babies protection against contagious diseases and other [[Infection|infections]].<ref name="18.1-OpenStax">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/18-1-overview-of-specific-adaptive-immunity | url = https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction | title = Microbiology | last = Parker | first = Nina | authorlink= | last2 = Schneegurt | first2 = Mark | authorlink2 = | date = Nov 1, 2016 | website = OpenStax|location=Houston, Texas|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-07-09 | last3 = Tu | first3 = Anh-Hue Thi | last4 = Lister | first4 = Philip | last5 = Forster | first5 = Brian M.|chapter=18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity}}</ref>
[[File:IgG-antibody.jpg|thumb|left|The typical four-chain structure of a generic antibody monomer, for example IgG.<br>Source: 18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity". Microbiology. OpenStax.<ref name="18.1-OpenStax" />
[[File:IgG-antibody.jpg|thumb|left|The typical four-chain structure of a generic antibody monomer, for example IgG.<ref name="18.1-OpenStax" /><br>Source: {{Cite book |chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/18-1-overview-of-specific-adaptive-immunity | url = https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction | title = Microbiology | last = Parker | first = Nina | last2 = Schneegurt | first2 = Mark | last3 = Tu | first3 = Anh-Hue Thi | last4 = Lister | first4 = Philip | last5 = Forster | first5 = Brian M. | date = Nov 1, 2016 | website = OpenStax|location=Houston, Texas|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|chapter=18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity}}]]
]]


==ME/CFS==
==IgG1==
IVIG or intravenous immunoglobulin G is a treatment that has been investigated for ME/CFS, with positive results shown for some patients.
The most common IgG antibody.<ref name="pid" />
==IgG2==
The most common IgG antibody.<ref name="pid" />
==IgG3==
'''IgG3''' or '''immunoglobulin G3''' level along with other factors was found to be predictive of the likelihood of developing [[Long COVID]] after [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] infection by Cervia et al. (2022).<ref name="Cervia2022" /> IgG3 deficiencies have been found in some ME/CFS patients.<ref name="Lutz2021" />
 
==IgG4==
IgG4 deficiencies have been found in some ME/CFS patients, but IgG4 subclass deficiency without other IgG deficiencies is not considered a primary immunodeficiency.<ref name="pid" /><ref name="Lutz2021" />
 
==<span id="IVIG">ME/CFS</span>==
[[#IgG3|IgG3]] and [[#IgG4|IgG4]] deficiencies were found in a significant number of ME/CFS patients by Lutz et al. (2021), who reported that these were the most common unclassified antibody deficiencies in the 17.6% of ME/CFS patients with unclassified antibody deficiencies.<ref name="Lutz2021" />
 
'''IVIG''' or '''intravenous immunoglobulin''' or '''gamma globulin therapy''', an immunoglobulin treatment that typically includes IgG, has been investigated for ME/CFS, with positive results shown for some patients.<ref name="Lloyd1990" />
{{See also|Intravenous immunoglobulin}}
{{See also|Intravenous immunoglobulin}}


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In 2021, Goebel et al. published research showing that [[fibromyalgia]] may be an [[immune system]] disease mediated by IgG; in an animal study on mice they found that the mice developed pain and cold intolerance symptoms consistent with [[fibromyalgia]] after receiving IgG from the blood of patients with fibromyalgia.<ref name="Goebel2021" />
In 2021, Goebel et al. published research showing that [[fibromyalgia]] may be an [[immune system]] disease mediated by IgG; in an animal study on mice they found that the mice developed pain and cold intolerance symptoms consistent with [[fibromyalgia]] after receiving IgG from the blood of patients with fibromyalgia.<ref name="Goebel2021" />
==Long COVID ==
==Long COVID ==
Cervia et al. (2022) found that both IgG3 and [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]], when combined with other factors including  age, presence of five symptoms ([[fever]], [[fatigue]], [[cough]], [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]], [[digestive problems|gastrointestinal symptoms]] during COVID-19 infection), acted as biomarkers to predict who would develop [[Long COVID]] after SARS-CoV-2 infection.<ref name="Cervia2022"/>
Cervia et al. (2022) found that both IgG3 and [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]], when combined with other factors including  age, presence of five symptoms ([[fever]], [[fatigue]], [[cough]], [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]], [[digestive problems|gastrointestinal symptoms]] during COVID-19 infection), acted as biomarkers to predict who would develop [[Long COVID]] after SARS-CoV-2 infection.<ref name="Cervia2022" />
 
==Notable studies ==
*2022, Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome<ref name="Cervia2022">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27797-1</ref> - [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27797-1 (Full text)]


==News and articles ==
==News and articles ==
<blockquote>"Andersson and his colleagues harvested blood from 44 people with fibromyalgia and injected purified antibodies from each of them into different mice. The mice rapidly became more sensitive to pressure and cold, and displayed reduced grip strength in their paws. Animals injected with antibodies from healthy people were unaffected."<ref name="GuardianJul2021" /></blockquote>
<blockquote>"Andersson and his colleagues harvested blood from 44 people with fibromyalgia and injected purified antibodies from each of them into different mice. The mice rapidly became more sensitive to pressure and cold, and displayed reduced grip strength in their paws. Animals injected with antibodies from healthy people were unaffected."<ref name="GuardianJul2021" /></blockquote>
Prof Camilla Svensson from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, who was also involved in the study, said: <blockquote>"Antibodies from people with fibromyalgia living in two different countries, the UK and Sweden, gave similar results, which adds enormous strength to our findings."<ref name="GuardianJul2021">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jul/01/fibromyalgia-may-be-a-condition-of-the-immune-system-not-the-brain-study|title=Fibromyalgia may be a condition of the immune system not the brain – study|date=2021-07-01|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref></blockquote>
Prof Camilla Svensson from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, who was also involved in the study, said: <blockquote>"Antibodies from people with fibromyalgia living in two different countries, the UK and Sweden, gave similar results, which adds enormous strength to our findings."<ref name="GuardianJul2021">{{Cite web | url = http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jul/01/fibromyalgia-may-be-a-condition-of-the-immune-system-not-the-brain-study | title = Fibromyalgia may be a condition of the immune system not the brain – study | date = 2021-07-01 | website = the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref></blockquote>


==Notable studies ==
==Notable studies ==
* 2021, Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice<ref name="Goebel2021">{{Cite journal|last=Goebel|first=Andreas|last2=Krock|first2=Emerson|last3=Gentry|first3=Clive|last4=Israel|first4=Mathilde R.|last5=Jurczak|first5=Alexandra|last6=Urbina|first6=Carlos Morado|last7=Sandor|first7=Katalin|last8=Vastani|first8=Nisha|last9=Maurer|first9=Margot|date=2021-07-07|title=Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice|url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/144201?key=51bf6d85e305f6b62f87#SEC4|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|language=en|volume=131|issue=13|doi=10.1172/JCI144201|issn=0021-9738}}</ref>
*1998, IgG subclass deficiencies in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name=":1988"></ref> - [ (Abstract)]
*1990, A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Lloyd1990">{{Cite journal | title = A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | date = Nov 1990 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2146875/|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=89|issue=5 | pages = 561–568 | last = Lloyd | first = A. | authorlink = Andrew Lloyd | last2 = Hickie | first2 = I. | authorlink2 = Ian Hickie | last3 = Wakefield | first3 =D. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Boughton | first4 = C. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Dwyer | first5 = J. | authorlink5 = |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(90)90173-b|pmc=|pmid=2146875|access-date=|issn=0002-9343|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2146875 (Abstract)]
* 2021, Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice<ref name="Goebel2021">{{Cite journal | last = Goebel | first = Andreas | last2 = Krock | first2 = Emerson | last3 = Gentry | first3 = Clive | last4 = Israel | first4 = Mathilde R. | last5 = Jurczak | first5 = Alexandra | last6 = Urbina | first6 = Carlos Morado | last7 = Sandor | first7 = Katalin | last8 = Vastani | first8 = Nisha | last9 = Maurer | first9 = Margot | date = 2021-07-07 | title = Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice | url = https://www.jci.org/articles/view/144201?key=51bf6d85e305f6b62f87#SEC4|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|language=en|volume=131|issue=13|doi=10.1172/JCI144201|issn=0021-9738}}</ref> - [https://www.jci.org/articles/view/144201?key=51bf6d85e305f6b62f87#SEC4 (Full text)]
*2021, Evaluation of Immune Dysregulation in an Austrian Patient Cohort Suffering from Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Lutz2021">{{Cite journal | title = Evaluation of Immune Dysregulation in an Austrian Patient Cohort Suffering from Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2021-09-14 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8465819/|journal=Biomolecules|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1359 | last = Lutz | first = Lena | last2 = Rohrhofer | first2 = Johanna | last3 = Zehetmayer | first3 = Sonja | last4 = Stingl | first4 = Michael | last5 = Untersmayr | first5 = Eva|doi=10.3390/biom11091359|pmc=8465819|pmid=34572574|issn=2218-273X}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8465819/ (Full text)]
*2021, Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of Long-COVID and association with one-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study<ref name="Evans2021">{{Cite journal | title = Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of Long-COVID and association with one-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study | date = 2021-12-20 | url = https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.21267471v2|journal=Medrxiv|volume=|issue= | pages = 2021.12.13.21267471 | last = ((Writing Group (on behalf of the PHOSP-COVID Collaboration Group))) | first = | authorlink = | last2 = Evans | first2 = Rachael A. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Leavy | first3 = Olivia C. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Richardson | first4 = Matthew | authorlink4 = | last5 = Elneima | first5 = Omer | authorlink5 = | last6 = McAuley | first6 = Hamish J.C. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Shikotra | first7 = Aarti | last8 = Singapuri | first8 = Amisha | last9 = Sereno | first9 = Marco | last10 = Saunders | first10 = Ruth M. | last11 = Harris | first11 = Victoria Claire|language=en|doi=10.1101/2021.12.13.21267471|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.13.21267471 (Full text)]
*2022, Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome<ref name="Cervia2022">{{Cite journal | title = Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome | date = 2022-01-25 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27797-1|journal=Nature Communications|volume=13|issue=1 | pages = 446 | last = Cervia | first = Carlo | last2 = Zurbuchen | first2 = Yves | last3 = Taeschler | first3 = Patrick | last4 = Ballouz | first4 = Tala | last5 = Menges | first5 = Dominik | last6 = Hasler | first6 = Sara | last7 = Adamo | first7 = Sarah | last8 = Raeber | first8 = Miro E. | last9 = Bächli | first9 = Esther | last10 = Rudiger | first10 = Alain | last11 = Stüssi-Helbling | first11 = Melina|language=en|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-27797-1|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> - [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27797-1 (Full text)]


==Learn more ==
==Learn more ==

Latest revision as of 10:30, April 2, 2023

Immunoglobulin G or IgG or immune gamma globulin is a the most common class of antibody in human blood, making up 80% of the antibodies, and is also found in tissue spaces.[1] IgG antibodies bind to phagocytes, have γ (gamma) heavy chains and can cross the placenta.[1] The IgG class consists of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4.[2]

Function[edit | edit source]

IgG is the only antibody that can cross the placenta, giving unborn and new born babies protection against contagious diseases and other infections.[1]

The typical four-chain structure of a generic antibody monomer, for example IgG.[1]
Source: Parker, Nina; Schneegurt, Mark; Tu, Anh-Hue Thi; Lister, Philip; Forster, Brian M. (November 1, 2016). "18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity". Microbiology. OpenStax. Houston, Texas.

IgG1[edit | edit source]

The most common IgG antibody.[2]

IgG2[edit | edit source]

The most common IgG antibody.[2]

IgG3[edit | edit source]

IgG3 or immunoglobulin G3 level along with other factors was found to be predictive of the likelihood of developing Long COVID after SARS-CoV-2 infection by Cervia et al. (2022).[3] IgG3 deficiencies have been found in some ME/CFS patients.[4]

IgG4[edit | edit source]

IgG4 deficiencies have been found in some ME/CFS patients, but IgG4 subclass deficiency without other IgG deficiencies is not considered a primary immunodeficiency.[2][4]

ME/CFS[edit | edit source]

IgG3 and IgG4 deficiencies were found in a significant number of ME/CFS patients by Lutz et al. (2021), who reported that these were the most common unclassified antibody deficiencies in the 17.6% of ME/CFS patients with unclassified antibody deficiencies.[4]

IVIG or intravenous immunoglobulin or gamma globulin therapy, an immunoglobulin treatment that typically includes IgG, has been investigated for ME/CFS, with positive results shown for some patients.[5]

Fibromyalgia[edit | edit source]

In 2021, Goebel et al. published research showing that fibromyalgia may be an immune system disease mediated by IgG; in an animal study on mice they found that the mice developed pain and cold intolerance symptoms consistent with fibromyalgia after receiving IgG from the blood of patients with fibromyalgia.[6]

Long COVID[edit | edit source]

Cervia et al. (2022) found that both IgG3 and IgM, when combined with other factors including age, presence of five symptoms (fever, fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal symptoms during COVID-19 infection), acted as biomarkers to predict who would develop Long COVID after SARS-CoV-2 infection.[3]

News and articles[edit | edit source]

"Andersson and his colleagues harvested blood from 44 people with fibromyalgia and injected purified antibodies from each of them into different mice. The mice rapidly became more sensitive to pressure and cold, and displayed reduced grip strength in their paws. Animals injected with antibodies from healthy people were unaffected."[7]

Prof Camilla Svensson from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, who was also involved in the study, said:

"Antibodies from people with fibromyalgia living in two different countries, the UK and Sweden, gave similar results, which adds enormous strength to our findings."[7]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

  • 1998, IgG subclass deficiencies in chronic fatigue syndrome[8] - [ (Abstract)]
  • 1990, A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome[5] - (Abstract)
  • 2021, Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice[6] - (Full text)
  • 2021, Evaluation of Immune Dysregulation in an Austrian Patient Cohort Suffering from Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome[4] - (Full text)
  • 2021, Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of Long-COVID and association with one-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study[9] - (Full text)
  • 2022, Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome[3] - (Full text)

Learn more[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Parker, Nina; Schneegurt, Mark; Tu, Anh-Hue Thi; Lister, Philip; Forster, Brian M. (November 1, 2016). "18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity". Microbiology. OpenStax. Houston, Texas. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "IgG Subclass Deficiency". Immune Deficiency Foundation. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cervia, Carlo; Zurbuchen, Yves; Taeschler, Patrick; Ballouz, Tala; Menges, Dominik; Hasler, Sara; Adamo, Sarah; Raeber, Miro E.; Bächli, Esther; Rudiger, Alain; Stüssi-Helbling, Melina (January 25, 2022). "Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 446. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27797-1. ISSN 2041-1723.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lutz, Lena; Rohrhofer, Johanna; Zehetmayer, Sonja; Stingl, Michael; Untersmayr, Eva (September 14, 2021). "Evaluation of Immune Dysregulation in an Austrian Patient Cohort Suffering from Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Biomolecules. 11 (9): 1359. doi:10.3390/biom11091359. ISSN 2218-273X. PMC 8465819. PMID 34572574.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Lloyd, A.; Hickie, I.; Wakefield, D.; Boughton, C.; Dwyer, J. (November 1990). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". The American Journal of Medicine. 89 (5): 561–568. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90173-b. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 2146875.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Goebel, Andreas; Krock, Emerson; Gentry, Clive; Israel, Mathilde R.; Jurczak, Alexandra; Urbina, Carlos Morado; Sandor, Katalin; Vastani, Nisha; Maurer, Margot (July 7, 2021). "Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 131 (13). doi:10.1172/JCI144201. ISSN 0021-9738.
  7. 7.0 7.1 "Fibromyalgia may be a condition of the immune system not the brain – study". the Guardian. July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  8. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1988
  9. Writing Group (on behalf of the PHOSP-COVID Collaboration Group); Evans, Rachael A.; Leavy, Olivia C.; Richardson, Matthew; Elneima, Omer; McAuley, Hamish J.C.; Shikotra, Aarti; Singapuri, Amisha; Sereno, Marco; Saunders, Ruth M.; Harris, Victoria Claire (December 20, 2021). "Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of Long-COVID and association with one-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study". Medrxiv: 2021.12.13.21267471. doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.21267471.