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Immune system
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===== [[Basophil granulocyte|Basophils]] ===== [[Basophil granulocyte|Basophils]], the least common granulocyte, help the body identify foreign substances. Once a pathogen is introduced to the body and consumed by a lymphocyte, such as a macrophage, the invader is broken down into smaller pieces. This eliminates it as a threat and makes disposal easier. Additionally, in order for the immune cell to signal to the body that an invader was present (and that most likely there are other microbes nearby), the white blood cell will save some of the proteins from the pathogen and place it on its surface like a flag. These surface proteins are called antigens, and the process is called antigen presentation. Basophils are both capable of placing these antigens on themselves and onto other cells. Now that the antigen can be identified, different white blood cells begin scanning cells’ surfaces in search of these markers. Helper T-cells (CD4 T-cells) are produced for this purpose. After sensing antigens, helper T-cells signal for the production of other while blood cell variants, which make inflammatory molecules that fight the infection. In addition, CD4 T-cells also help macrophages and killer T-cells perform their phagocytic and cytotoxic duties. However, before a helper T-cell does all of this, they need to be: 1) told to function as these particular cells, and 2) stimulated to function in that manner. Basophils are the cells responsible for the programming and stimulation of these immune cells. It was initially hypothesized that basophils did not contain an essential component necessary to the differentiation of naive T-cells into helper T-cells. New evidence supports the idea that basophils do in fact possess all the necessary proteins, such as major histocompatibility complex II (see section below) and the cytokine IL-4, that stimulate the conversion of naive T-cells into helper T-cells. Normal basophils amounts in the body range from 0-300/μL (0.000003L) of blood. Low levels are caused by afflictions such as hyperthyroidism or anaphylaxis. High levels are caused by [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)|hypothyroidism]], and myeloproliferative disorders (blood disorders).{{citation needed | date = 2023}}
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