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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
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{{stub}} The '''Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale''' or '''HADS''' is a questionnaire used to screen medically ill patients for [[anxiety]] and [[depression]], and was designed to exclude physical symptoms that could possibly be caused by medical illness.<ref name="HADS" /><ref name="HADS2012" /><br> It consists of 14 questions, seven for [[anxiety]] and 7 for [[depression]].<br><ref name="HADS" /> It does not contain all the necessary questions to make a firm diagnosis of anxiety or depression because it does not include questions about [[Sleep dysfunction|sleep]], self-harm and [[suicide|suicidality]] are needed .<ref name="HADS" /> ==ME/CFS == The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale has been validated in many different patient populations, including cancer patients, and in patients with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].<ref name="HADS" /><ref name="HADS2012" /><ref name="MorissWearden">{{Cite journal | last = Morriss | first = Richard K | author-link = Richard Morriss | last2 = Wearden | first2 = Alison J | authorlink2 = Alison Wearden | date = 1998-07-01 | title = Screening instruments for psychiatric morbidity in chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://doi.org/10.1177/014107689809100706|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|language=en|volume=91|issue=7 | pages = 365β368|doi=10.1177/014107689809100706|issn=0141-0768|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="McCue2006" /> Morriss & Wearden (1998) found a cut-off of 9/10 useful for anxiety or depression in the HADS scale when compared with a clinical interview, however this was based on the broad [[Oxford criteria]] of CFS, which may include patients with other forms of unexplained chronic fatigue.<ref name="MorissWearden" /> McCue at al (2006) also found the HADS valid in patients with CFS, and noted that internet based use have higher scores. McCue et al used questions they devised from the CDC's [[Fukuda criteria]], and the less common [[London criteria|London ME criteria]], and found that the in ME/CFS patients the HADS, which was designed to assess two dimensions (anxiety and depression), actually better fit a three-dimensional model of Anhedonic depression, Negative depression and Autonomic anxiety.<ref name="McCue2006" /> ==HADS in research == HADS is sometimes used in research studies to approximate levels is anxiety or depression in patients who are physically ill. It has been heavily used by British paediatrician [[Esther Crawley]].{{citation needed}} ==Theory== ==Notable studies == * 1998, Screening instruments for psychiatric morbidity in chronic fatigue syndrome,<ref name="MorissWearden" /> [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107689809100706 (Full text)] * 2006, Screening for psychological distress using internet administration of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="McCue2006">{{Cite journal | last = McCue | first = Patricia | authorlink = Patricia McCue | last2 = Buchanan | first2 = Tom | authorlink2 = | last3 = Martin | first3 = Colin R. | date = Nov 2006 | title = Screening for psychological distress using internet administration of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466505X82379|journal=British Journal of Clinical Psychology|language=en|volume=45|issue=4 | pages = 483β498|doi=10.1348/014466505X82379|quote=|via=}}</ref> [http://www.academia.edu/download/3435973/mccue.etal06.pdf (Full text)] * 2012, The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review<ref name="HADS2012">{{Cite journal | last = Bjelland | first = Ingvar | last2 = Dahl | first2 = Alv A | last3 = Haug | first3 = Tone Tangen | last4 = Neckelmann | first4 = Dag | date = 2002-02-01 | title = The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review | url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399901002963|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=52|issue=2 | pages = 69β77|doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3|issn=0022-3999}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399901002963 (Abstract)] * 2014, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale<ref name="HADS">{{Cite journal | last = Stern | first = Anna F. | date = 2014-07-01 | title = The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | url = https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article/64/5/393/1436876|journal=Occupational Medicine|language=en|volume=64|issue=5 | pages = 393β394|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqu024|issn=0962-7480}}</ref> [https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article/64/5/393/1436876 (Abstract)] ==See also== *[[Anxiety]] *[[Depression]] ==Learn more== *[https://www.svri.org/sites/default/files/attachments/2016-01-13/HADS.pdf Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale] ( View) ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Tests]] [[Category:Symptom scales]] [[Category:Psychological paradigm]]
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