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'''HLA-C''' or Major Histocompatibility Complex is a class I [[human leukocyte antigen genes|human leukocyte antigen gene]].<ref name="ghr-primer" /> HLA genes help the "immune system distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins made by foreign invaders such as [[virus]]es and [[bacteria]]".<ref name="ghr-primer">{{Cite web | url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genefamily/hla | title = Histocompatibility complex | last = Genetics Home Reference | first = | authorlink = | date = | website = Genetics Home Reference|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref><ref name="mwdict">{{Cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/human+leukocyte+antigen | title = Definition of HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN | last = Merrian-Webster Dictionary | first = | authorlink = | date = | website = Merrian-Webster Dictionary|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> HLA-C is also known as D6S204, HLA-JY3, HLAC, HLC-C, MHC, or PSORS1.<ref name="HLA-C-ghr" /> ==Function== As with other proteins produced from class I genes, proteins produced by HLA-C are found on the surface of almost all cells, and display these protein fragments (peptides) to the [[immune system]]. The immune system then identifies any proteins it recognizes as foreign (such as viral or bacterial peptides), and triggers the destruction of the cell.<ref name="ghr-primer" /> HLA associations are considered "hallmarks of autoimmune disease".<ref name="Lande2020" /> Different variations in HLA-C have been linked to alopecia areata, psoriatic arthritis, susceptibility to psoriasis and susceptibility to HIV type 1.<ref name="HLA-C-ghr">{{Cite web | url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HLA-C | title = HLA-C gene | last = | first = |website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> ==ME/CFS== A Norwegian study by Lande et al. (2020) found two HLA associations that were more common in people with ME/CFS, with 19.2% of ME/CFS patients carrying one of the two HLA associations identified, compared to 12.2% of the control group.<ref name="Lande2020" /> The HLA associations more common in ME/CFS patients were '''HLA-C*07:04''' and '''[[HLA-DQB1]]*03:03'''.<ref name="Lande2020" /> The 426 ME/CFS patients in the study met the Canadian Consensus Criteria for ME/CFS, except for four who met the International Consensus Criteria for ME.<ref name="Lande2020" /> A small Norwegian trial by Rekeland et al. (2020) found patients positive for '''HLA-DQB1*03:03''' and/or '''HLA-C*07:04''' were more likely to respond to [[cyclophosphamide]] than patients without those alleles, 83 vs. 43%.<ref name="Rekeland2020" /> ==Notable studies== * 2020, Human Leukocyte Antigen alleles associated with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Lande2020">{{Cite journal | last = Lande | first = Asgeir | authorlink = Asgeir Lande | last2 = Fluge | first2 = Øystein | authorlink2 = Øystein Fluge | last3 = Strand | first3 = Elin B. | authorlink3 = Elin Strand | last4 = Flåm | first4 = Siri T. | authorlink4 = Siri Flåm | last5 = Sosa | first5 = DaysiD. | authorlink5 = Daysi Sosa | last6 = Mella | first6 = Olav | authorlink6 = Olav Mella | last7 = Egeland | first7 = Torstein | authorlink7 = | last8 = Saugstad | first8 = OlaD. | author-link8 = | last9 = Lie | first9 = Benedicte A. | author-link9 = | date = 2020-03-24 | title = Human Leukocyte Antigen alleles associated with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)| url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62157-x|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1 | pages = 1–8|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-62157-x|issn=2045-2322|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62157-x (Full text)] * 2020, Intravenous Cyclophosphamide in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. An Open-Label Phase II Study<ref name="Rekeland2020">{{Cite journal | last = Rekeland | first = Ingrid G. | authorlink = Ingrid Rekeland | last2 = Fosså | first2 = Alexander | authorlink2 = | last3 = Lande | first3 = Asgeir | authorlink3 = Asgeir Lande | last4 = Ktoridou-Valen | first4 = Irini | authorlink4 = | last5 = Sørland | first5 = Kari | authorlink5 = | last6 = Holsen | first6 = Mari | authorlink6 = | last7 = Tronstad | first7 = Karl J. | authorlink7 = Karl Tronstad | last8 = Risa | first8 = Kristin | author-link8 = | last9 = Alme | first9 = Kine | author-link9 = | date = 2020 | title=Intravenous Cyclophosphamide in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. An Open-Label Phase II Study| url = https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00162/full|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|language=English|volume=7|issue= | pages = 162|doi=10.3389/fmed.2020.00162|pmc=PMC7201056|pmid=32411717|issn=2296-858X|quote=|via= | last10 = Viken | first10 = Marte K. | authorlink10 = | last11 = Lie | first11 = Benedicte K. | authorlink11 = | last12 = Dahl | first12 = Olav | authorlink12 = | last13 = Mella | first13 = Olav | authorlink13 = Olav Mella | first14 = Øystein | last14 = Fluge | author-link14 = Øystein Fluge}}</ref> [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00162/full? (Full text)] *2021, Fine mapping of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) suggests involvement of both HLA class I and class II loci<ref name="Hajdarevic2021">{{Cite journal | last = Hajdarevic | first = Riad | authorlink = Riad Hajdarevic | last2 = Lande | first2 = Asgeir | authorlink2 = Asgeir Lande | last3 = Rekeland | first3 = Ingrid | authorlink3 = Ingrid Rekeland | last4 = Rydland | first4 = Anne | authorlink4 = Anne Rydland | last5 = Strand | first5 = Elin B. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Sosa | first6 = DaisyD. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Creary | first7 = Lisa E | last8 = Mella | first8 = Olav | author-link8 = Olav Mella | last9 = Egeland | first9 = Torstein | author-link9 = Egeland Torstein | date = 2021-11-01 | title = Fine mapping of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) suggests involvement of both HLA class I and class II loci | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159121005092|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|language=en|volume=98|issue= | pages = 101–109|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.219|issn=0889-1591|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.219 (Full text)] ==See also== *[[Human leukocyte antigen complex]] *[[Cyclophosphamide]] *[[HLA-DQB1]] *[[Innate immune system]] *[[Virus]] *[[Bacteria]] ==Learn more== *[https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HLA-C HLA-C] - Genetics home reference - US Library of Medicine *[https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genefamily/hla Histocompatibility complex] - Genetics home reference - US Library of Medicine ==References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Genes]] [[Category:Enzymes]] [[Category:Immunology]]
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