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Gulf War Illness
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== Notable studies == *2015, [[Cytokine]] expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis<ref name="GWME2015">{{Cite journal | title = Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis | date = 2015-03-01| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043466614006024|journal=Cytokine|volume=72|issue=1 | pages = 1–8 | last = Khaiboullina | first = Svetlana F. | authorlink = | last2 = DeMeirleir | first2 = Kenny L. | authorlink2 = Kenny De Meirleir | last3 = Rawat | first3 = Shanti | authorlink3 = | last4 = Berk | first4 = Grady S. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Gaynor-Berk | first5 = Rory S. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Mijatovic | first6 = Tatjana | authorlink6 = | last7 = Blatt | first7 = Natalia | last8 = Rizvanov | first8 = Albert A. | last9 = Young | first9 = Sheila G. | last10 = Lombardi | first10 = Vincent C. | authorlink10 = Vincent Lombardi|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.019|pmc=PMC4410698|pmid=|access-date=|issn=1043-4666|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4410698/ (Full text)] * 2017, Role of [[mitochondrial DNA]] damage and dysfunction in veterans with Gulf War Illness<ref name="Falvo2017">{{Cite journal | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5599026 | title = Role of mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction in veterans with Gulf War Illness | last = Falvo | first = Michael | last2 = Meyer | first2 = Joel | date = 2017 | journal=PLoS One. |volume=12|issue=9| pages = e0184832|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0184832|pmid= 28910366|pmc=PMC5599026 | last3 = Hill | first3 = Helene Z. | last4 = Lange | first4 = Gudrun | authorlink4 = Gudrun Lange | last5 = Condon | first5 = Michael | last6 = Klein | first6 = Jacquelyn C. | last7 = Ndirangu | first7 = Duncan | last8 = Falvo | first8 = Michael J.}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5599026/pdf/pone.0184832.pdf (Full Text)] ** [https://www.research.va.gov/currents/1017-Evidence-of-DNA-damage-in-Vets-with-Gulf-War-illness.cfm Researchers find evidence of DNA damage in Vets with Gulf War illness]<ref name="DNA2017">{{Cite web | url=https://www.research.va.gov/currents/1017-Evidence-of-DNA-damage-in-Vets-with-Gulf-War-illness.cfm | title = Researchers find evidence of DNA damage in Vets with Gulf War illness | last = Richman | first = Mike | date = Oct 19, 2017 | website = U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> * 2018, The Multiple Hit Hypothesis for Gulf War Illness: Self-Reported Chemical/Biological Weapons Exposure and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Janulewicz | first = Patricia | last2 = Krengel | first2 = Maxine | last3 = Quinn | first3 = Emily | last4 = Heeren | first4 = Timothy | last5 = Toomey | first5 = Rosemary | last6 = Killiany | first6 = Ronald | last7 = Zundel | first7 = Clara | last8 = Ajama | first8 = Joy | last9 = O'Callaghan | first9 = James | date = Nov 2018 | title = The Multiple Hit Hypothesis for Gulf War Illness: Self-Reported Chemical/Biological Weapons Exposure and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury| url = https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/11/198|journal=Brain Sciences|language=en|volume=8|issue=11 | pages = 198|doi=10.3390/brainsci8110198|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/11/198/htm (Full Text)] * 2018, Fatigue in Gulf War Illness is associated with tonically high activation in the executive control network<ref name="Wylie2018">{{Cite journal | last = Wylie | first = Glenn | authorlink = | last2 = Genova | first2 = Helen | authorlink2 = | last3 = Dobryakova | first3 = Ekaterina | authorlink3 = | last4 = DeLuca | first4 = John | authorlink4 = | last5 = Chiaravalloti | first5 = Nancy | authorlink5 = | last6 = Falvo | first6 = Michael | authorlink6 = | last7 = Cook | first7 = Dane | authorlink7 = Dane Cook | date = 2018-12-11 | title = Fatigue in Gulf War Illness is associated with tonically high activation in the executive control network | url =https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158218303899|journal=NeuroImage: Clinical|language=en|volume=|issue= | pages = 101641|doi=10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101641|issn=2213-1582|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158218303899#%21 (Full Text)] *2018, Gulf War agents [[Mestinon|pyridostigmine bromide]] and [[permethrin]] cause hypersensitive nociception that is restored after [[vagus nerve stimulation]]<ref name="Nizamutdinov2018">{{Cite book | title = Pyridostigmine Bromide|trans-title=|chapter= | date = 2000| publisher = National Academies Press (US)|location=|isbn=|edition=|volume=|language=en | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222848/|chapter-url= | pages = |editor-last = |editor-first = |editor1-link=|editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |editor2-link= | last = Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Effects Associated with Exposures During the Gulf War | first = | authorlink = | last2 = Fulco | first2 = Carolyn E. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Liverman | first3 = Catharyn T. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Sox | first4 = Harold C. | authorlink4 = |others=|quote=}}</ref> - [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30273628/ (Full text)] * 2019, [[Gastrointestinal system|Gastrointestinal]] [[Neuroimmune disease|neuroimmune]] disruption in a mouse model of Gulf War illness<ref name="Hernandez2019">{{Cite journal | last = Hernandez | first = Siomara | last2 = Fried | first2 = David E. | last3 = Grubišić | first3 = Vladimir | last4 = McClain | first4 = Jonathon L. | last5 = Gulbransen | first5 = BrianD. | date = 2019-02-21 | title = Gastrointestinal neuroimmune disruption in a mouse model of Gulf War illness| url = https://www.fasebj.org/doi/10.1096/fj.201802572R|journal=The FASEB Journal|volume=33|issue=5 | pages = 6168-6184|doi=10.1096/fj.201802572R|issn=0892-6638}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6463928/ (Full text)] ** [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190221141506.htm GI neuroimmune disruption contributes to Gulf War Illness] <blockquote>Many Persian Gulf War veterans experience Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic condition with symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal to neurological. While exposure to the anti-nerve gas pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is linked to the development of GWI, the exact cause and mechanisms of the illness remain unclear. Recently, an animal study tested the hypothesis that exposure to PB contributes to the development of GWI by disrupting the neural and immune systems of the intestine.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190221141506.htm | title = GI neuroimmune disruption contributes to Gulf War Illness: Mouse model points to gastrointestinal neuroimmune disruption as contributing mechanism of Gulf War Illness | last = | first = | authorlink = |language=en|via=Science Daily for Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref></blockquote> *2020, In-vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in veterans with Gulf War illness<ref name="Loggia2020">{{Cite journal | last = Alshelh | first = Zeynab | authorlink = | last2 = Albrecht | first2 = Daniel S. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Bergan | first3 = Courtney | authorlink3 = | last4 = Akeju | first4 = Oluwaseun | authorlink4 = | last5 = Clauw | first5 = Daniel J. | authorlink5 = Daniel Clauw | last6 = Conboy | first6 = Lisa | authorlink6 = | last7 = Edwards | first7 = Robert R. | last8 = Kim | first8 = Minhae | last9 = Lee | first9 = Yvonne C. | date = 2020-02-04 | title = In-vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in veterans with Gulf War illness| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159119313340|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|language=en|volume=|issue= | pages = |doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.020|issn=0889-1591|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via= | last10 = Protsenko | first10 = Ekaterina | last11 = Napadow | first11 = Vitaly | last12 = Sullivan | first12 = Kimberly | authorlink12 = Kimberly Sullivan | author-link13 = Marco Loggia | last13 = Loggia | first13 = Marco F.}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159119313340 (Full text)] *2020, Exercise alters brain activation in Gulf War Illness and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Washington2020">{{Cite journal | last = Washington | first = StuartD. | authorlink = | last2 = Rayhan | first2 = Rakib U. | authorlink2 = Rakib Rayhan | last3 = Garner | first3 = Richard | authorlink3 = | last4 = Provenzano | first4 = Destie | authorlink4 = | last5 = Zajur | first5 = Kristina | authorlink5 = | last6 = Addiego | first6 = Florencia Martinez | authorlink6 = | last7 = VanMeter | first7 = John W. | last8 = Baraniuk | first8 = James N. | author-link8 = James Baraniuk | date = 2020-07-01 | title = Exercise alters brain activation in Gulf War Illness and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome| url = https://academic.oup.com/braincomms/article/2/2/fcaa070/5885074|journal=Brain Communications|language=en|volume=2|issue=2 | pages = |doi=10.1093/braincomms/fcaa070|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://academic.oup.com/braincomms/article/2/2/fcaa070/5885074 (Full text)] *2021, Exposure to Gulf War Illness-related agents leads to the development of chronic pain and fatigue<ref name="Nguyen2021">{{Cite journal | title = Exposure to Gulf War Illness-related agents leads to the development of chronic pain and fatigue | date = 2021-10-15| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320521008547|journal=Life Sciences|volume=283 | pages = 119867 | last = Nguyen | first = Huy | last2 = Sahbaie | first2 = Peyman | last3 = Goba | first3 = Lihle | last4 = Sul | first4 = Julian | last5 = Suzaki | first5 = Aoi | last6 = Clark | first6 = J. David | last7 = Huang | first7 = Ting-Ting|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119867|issn=0024-3205}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320521008547 (Full text)] *2021, Vagal nerve stimulation as a possible non-invasive treatment for chronic widespread pain in Gulf Veterans with Gulf War Illness<ref name="Natelson2021">{{Cite journal | title = Vagal nerve stimulation as a possible non-invasive treatment for chronic widespread pain in Gulf Veterans with Gulf War Illness | date = 2021-10-01| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320521007918|journal=Life Sciences|volume=282|issue= | pages = 119805 | last = Natelson | first = Benjamin H. | authorlink = Benjamin Natelson | last2 = Stegner | first2 = Aaron J. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Lange | first3 = Gudrun | authorlink3 = Gudrun Lange | last4 = Khan | first4 = Sarah | authorlink4 = | last5 = Blate | first5 = Michelle | authorlink5 = | last6 = Sotolongo | first6 = Anays | authorlink6 = | last7 = DeLuca | first7 = Michelle | last8 = Van Doren | first8 = William W. | last9 = Helmer | first9 = Drew A.|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119805|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0024-3205|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320521007918 (Full text)] *2021, [[Mestinon|Pyridostigmine bromide]], chlorpyrifos, and DEET combined Gulf War exposure insult depresses mitochondrial function in neuroblastoma cells<ref name="Delic2021">{{Cite journal | title = Pyridostigmine bromide, chlorpyrifos, and DEET combined Gulf War exposure insult depresses mitochondrial function in neuroblastoma cells | date = Dec 2021| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678325/|journal=Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology|volume=35|issue=12 | pages = | last = Delic | first = Vedad | authorlink = | last2 = Karp | first2 = Joshua | authorlink2 = | last3 = Klein | first3 = Julian | authorlink3 = | last4 = Stalnaker | first4 = Katherine J. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Murray | first5 = Kathleen E. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Ratliff | first6 = Whitney A. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Myers | first7 = Catherine E. | last8 = Beck | first8 = KevinD. | last9 = Citron | first9 = Bruce A.|language=en|doi=10.1002/jbt.22913|pmc=PMC8678325|pmid=34528356|access-date=|issn=1095-6670|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358550/ (Full text)] *2022, Evaluation of a Gene-Environment Interaction of PON1 and Low-Level Nerve Agent Exposure with Gulf War Illness: A Prevalence Case-Control Study Drawn from the U.S. Military Health Survey's National Population Sample<ref name="Haley2022">{{Cite journal | title = Evaluation of a Gene-Environment Interaction of PON1 and Low-Level Nerve Agent Exposure with Gulf War Illness: A Prevalence Case-Control Study Drawn from the U.S. Military Health Survey's National Population Sample | date = May 2022| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9093163/|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=130|issue=5 | pages = 57001 | last = Haley | first = Robert W. | last2 = Kramer | first2 = Gerald | last3 = Xiao | first3 = Junhui | last4 = Dever | first4 = Jill A. | last5 = Teiber | first5 = John F.|doi=10.1289/EHP9009|pmc=PMC9093163|pmid=35543525|issn=1552-9924|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9093163/ (Full Text)]
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