Anonymous
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Search
Editing
Glycolysis
From MEpedia, a crowd-sourced encyclopedia of ME and CFS science and history
Namespaces
Page
Discussion
More
More
Page actions
Read
Edit
Edit source
History
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
'''Glycolysis''' is the first step in a process known as [[cellular respiration]]. Glycolysis is the process of breaking down (-lysis) glucose (glyco-), a sugar molecule that provides energy for the human body. Glucose is a polymer (made up of a chain of carbons) and therefore it takes multiple steps to break it down into usable energy. There are a total of ten steps in glycolysis. After the final step, the products of the broken down glucose molecule will enter the next step of [[cellular respiration]]. [[File:Glycolosis.png|right|thumb|Glycolysis steps 1-10]] [[File:Glucose molecule.png|thumb|172x172px|Glucose molecule]] The differences between [[oxidative phosphorylation]], anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) is detailed below:<ref name="Heiden2008">{{Cite journal | last = van der Heiden | first = Matthew G. | last2 = Cantley | first2 = Lewis C. | last3 = Thompson | first3 = Craig B. | date = May 2009 | title = Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation | url =https://science.sciencemag.org/content/324/5930/1029|journal=Science}}</ref> ==Oxidative phosphorylation== In the presence of oxygen, nonproliferating (differentiated) tissues first metabolize glucose to pyruvate via glycolysis and then completely oxidize most of that [[pyruvate]] in the [[mitochondria]] to CO2 during the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Because oxygen is required as the final electron acceptor to completely oxidize the glucose, oxygen is essential for this process. {{See also|Oxidative phosphorylation}} ==Anaerobic glycolysis== When oxygen is limiting, cells can redirect the pyruvate generated by glycolysis away from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by generating lactate (anaerobic glycolysis). This generation of lactate during anaerobic glycolysis allows glycolysis to continue (by cycling NADH back to NAD+), but results in minimal ATP production when compared with oxidative phosphorylation. ==Aerobic glycolysis== Warburg observed that cancer cells tend to convert most glucose to lactate regardless of whether oxygen is present (aerobic glycolysis). This property is shared by normal proliferative tissues. Mitochondria remain functional and some oxidative phosphorylation continues in both cancer cells and normal proliferating cells. Nevertheless, aerobic glycolysis is less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation for generating [[adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]. In proliferating cells, approximately 10% of the glucose is diverted into biosynthetic pathways upstream of pyruvate production. ==Glycolysis and myalgic encephalomyelitis== Abnormal levels of glycolysis metabolites have been observed in patients with [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] (ME).<ref name="NagySzakal2018">{{Cite journal | last = Nagy-Szakal | first = Dorottya | last2 = Barupal | first2 = Dinesh K. | last3 = Lee | first3 = Bohyun | last4 = Che | first4 = Xiaoyu | last5 = Williams | first5 = Brent L. | last6 = Kahn | first6 = Ellie J.R. | last7 = Ukaigwe | first7 = Joy E. | last8 = Bateman | first8 = Lucinda | last9 = Klimas | first9 = Nancy G. | date = 2018-07-03 | title = Insights into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome phenotypes through comprehensive metabolomics| url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-28477-9|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-28477-9|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> This suggests that individuals with ME may experience abnormal regulation of glycolysis within their cells.<ref name="Germain2017">{{Cite journal | last = Germain | first = Arnaud | last2 = Ruppert | first2 = David | last3 = Levine | first3 = Susan M. | last4 = Hanson | first4 = Maureen R. | date = 2017 | title=Metabolic profiling of a myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome discovery cohort reveals disturbances in fatty acid and lipid metabolism| url = http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/mb/c6mb00600k/unauth#!divAbstract|journal=Molecular BioSystems|language=en|volume=13|issue=2 | pages = 371–379|doi=10.1039/C6MB00600K|issn=1742-206X|via= | authorlink3 = Susan Levine | authorlink4 = Maureen Hanson}}</ref>. Another study also indicates impaired pyruvate dehydrogenase function in myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome <ref name="Fluge2016">{{Citation | last = Fluge | first1 = Øystein | authorlink1 = Øystein Fluge | last2 = Mella | first2 = Olav | authorlink2 = Olav Mella | last3 = Bruland | first3 = Ove| authorlink3 = | last4 = Risa | first4 = Kristin | authorlink4 = | last5 = Dyrstad | first5 = Sissel E. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Alme | first6 = Kine | authorlink6 = | last7 = Rekeland | first7 = Ingrid G. | authorlink7 = | last8 = Sapkota | first8 = Dipak | author-link8 = | last9 = Røsland | first9 = Gro V. | author-link9 = | last10 =Fosså | first10 = Alexander| authorlink10 = | last11 = Ktoridou-Valen | first11 = Irini | authorlink11 = | last12 = Lunde | first12 = Sigrid | authorlink12 = | last13 = Sørland | first13 = Kari | authorlink13 = | last14 = Lien | first14 = Katarina | authorlink14 =| last15 = Herder | first15 = Ingrid | authorlink15 =| last16 = Thürmer | first16 = Hanne| authorlink16 = | last17 = Gotaas | first17 = Merete E. | authorlink17 = | last18 = Baranowska | first18 = Katarzyna A. | authorlink18 = | last19 = Bohnen | first19 = Louis M.L.J. | authorlink19 = | last20 = Schäfer | first20 = Christoph| authorlink20 = | last21 = McCann | first21 = Adrian | authorlink21 = | last22 = Sommerfelt | first22 = Kristian | authorlink22 = | last23 = Helgeland | first23 = Lars | authorlink23 = | last24 = Ueland | first24 = Per M. | authorlink24 = | last25 = Dahl | first25 = Olav | authorlink25 = | last26 = Tronstad | first26 = Karl J. | authorlink26 = Karl Tronstad | title = Metabolic profiling indicates impaired pyruvate dehydrogenase function in myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = JCI Insight | volume = 1 | issue = 21 | page = | date = 2016 | pmid = | doi = 10.1172/jci.insight.89376 }}</ref> [[File:jci.insight.89376.f1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Pyruvate dehydrogenase in ME/CFS]] ==See also== *[[Cellular respiration]] ==Learn more== * [http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/glycolysis/ Glycolysis]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/glycolysis/ | title = SparkNotes: Glycolysis | website = sparknotes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> *[https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/glycolysis/v/glycolysis Overview of glycolysis]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/glycolysis/v/glycolysis | title = Overview of glycolysis | last = | first = | date = |website=khanacademy.org|access-date=}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Cellular respiration]] [[Category:Beta-oxidation]] [[Category:Metabolism]]
Summary:
Please make sure your edits are consistent with
MEpedia's guidelines
.
By saving changes, you agree to the
Terms of use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 3.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Templates used on this page:
MediaWiki:Colon-separator/en
(
view source
)
MediaWiki:Seealso/en
(
view source
)
Template:Citation
(
edit
)
Template:Cite journal
(
edit
)
Template:Cite web
(
edit
)
Template:Full stop
(
edit
)
Template:GetFallback
(
edit
)
Template:LangSwitch
(
edit
)
Template:Main other
(
edit
)
Template:Reflist
(
edit
)
Template:See also
(
edit
)
Template:Uselang
(
edit
)
Module:Check for unknown parameters
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist
(
edit
)
Module:No globals
(
edit
)
Navigation
Navigation
Skip to content
Main page
Browse
Become an editor
Random page
Popular pages
Abbreviations
Glossary
About MEpedia
Links for editors
Contents
Guidelines
Recent changes
Pages in need
Search
Help
Wiki tools
Wiki tools
Special pages
Page tools
Page tools
User page tools
More
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Page logs