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Escherichia coli
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== ME and CFS == Most [[ME/CFS]] patients have ''E. coli'' levels that are only 20% of a normal person's.{{citation needed|reason=online reference needed - speech by Dr [[Henry Butt]], of [[Bioscreen]], at [[Emerge Australia]] seminar on 13 Sep 2014}} One study found the mean distribution of the [[Gram-negative bacteria|gram-negative]] ''Escherichia coli'' as a percentage of the total [[aerobic bacteria|aerobic]] flora of control subjects was 92.3% compared to 49% in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] patients.<ref name="Sheedy" /> ''E. coli'' bacteria create an essential molecule β[[chorismate]]β, which is in turn, an essential precursor to the following:{{citation needed|reason=online reference needed - speech by Dr [[Henry Butt]], of [[Bioscreen]], at [[Emerge Australia]] seminar on 13 Sep 2014}} * [[Folic acid]] * [[Tryptophan]], a precursor to [[Serotonin|serotonin]]. Serotonin is an important [[neurotransmitter]], that mediates gut movement, and influences daytime positive mood, and many other functions. Serotonin is converted to [[Melatonin|melatonin]] at night, to encourage sleep. * [[Tyrosine]] (essential for cognitive processes) * [[Phenylalanine]] (a precursor to [[Dopamine|dopamine]], essential for cognitive processes) * [[Ubiquinol]] / [[CoQ10]] (essential for energy production) ** in the [[Citric acid cycle]], [[succinic acid]] is converted by CoQ10 to create [[fumaric acid]]. ** In ME/CFS patients, there is an EXCESS of [[succinic acid]], which suggests there is not enough CoQ10 to convert it to fumaric acid. ** This lack of CoQ10 affects the entire [[TCA cycle]], crippling energy production * [[Menaquinone]] / [[Vitamin K1]], [[Vitamin K2]] (people with [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]] have an increased prevalence of [[vitamin K]] deficiency)
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