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Epstein-Barr virus
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==Vitamin D== Some recent research is finding links between EBV and [[Vitamin D]]. An EBV protein, EBNA-3, has an affinity for the vitamin D receptor ([[VDR]]) and may actually block the activation of VDR-dependent genes by [[Vitamin D]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Yenamandra | first = Surya Pavan | last2 = Hellman | first2 = Ulf | last3 = Kempkes | first3 = Bettina | last4 = Darekar | first4 = Suhas Deoram | last5 = Petermann | first5 = Sabine | last6 = Sculley | first6 = Tom | last7 = Klein | first7 = George | last8 = Kashuba | first8 = Elena | date = Dec 2010 | title = Epstein-Barr virus encoded EBNA-3 binds to vitamin D receptor and blocks activation of its target genes |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20593215|journal=Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS|volume=67|issue=24 | pages = 4249β4256|doi=10.1007/s00018-010-0441-4|issn=1420-9071|pmid=20593215}}</ref> [[Vitamin D receptor]] may be required for the normal development of [[natural killer T cell]]s that react to cells expressing [[CD1d]], as in cells infected by EBV.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Yu | first = Sanhong | last2 = Cantorna | first2 = Margherita T. | date = 2008-04-01 | title = The vitamin D receptor is required for iNKT cell development| url = http://www.pnas.org/content/105/13/5207|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=13 | pages = 5207β5212|doi=10.1073/pnas.0711558105|issn=0027-8424|pmid=18364394}}</ref> VDR is expressed on B cells infected with EBV, and bioactive Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> alters T cells to be less detrimental to the immune response.<ref name="Holmoy2008" /> As low Vitamin D is also a risk factor for MS, some studies have attempt to find a link between low Vitamin D status, EBV, and MS. One study of healthy individuals found no link between EBV load and Vitamin D status. However, over half the subjects were Vitamin D deficient and none had optimal levels<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ramien | first = Caren | last2 = Pachnio | first2 = Annette | last3 = Sisay | first3 = Sofia | last4 = Begum | first4 = Jusnara | last5 = Leese | first5 = Alison | last6 = Disanto | first6 = Giulio | last7 = Kuhle | first7 = Jens | last8 = Giovannoni | first8 = Gavin | last9 = Rickinson | first9 = Alan | date = May 2014 | title = Hypovitaminosis-D and EBV: no interdependence between two MS risk factors in a healthy young UK autumn cohort| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24192216?dopt=Abstract|journal=Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)|volume=20|issue=6 | pages = 751β753|doi=10.1177/1352458513509507|issn=1477-0970|pmid=24192216}}</ref> (i.e., above 100 nmol/l).
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