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Epigallocatechin gallate
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==Evidence == ===EGCG's effects on CD147 & collagen degrading enzymes === There's a receptor in the body called CD147. This receptor is also called "extracellular [[matrix metalloproteinase]] inducer" (EMMPRIN) or Basigin.<ref name=":3" /> EMMPRIN/CD147 induces the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) such as MMP-9 and MMP-2.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Jouneau | first = Stephane | last2 = Khorasani | first2 = Nadia | last3 = DE Souza | first3 = Patricia | last4 = Macedo | first4 = Patricia | last5 = Zhu | first5 = Jie | last6 = Bhavsar | first6 = Pankaj K. | last7 = Chung | first7 = Kian F. | date = May 2011 | title = EMMPRIN (CD147) regulation of MMP-9 in bronchial epithelial cells in COPD| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21355964|journal=Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)|volume=16|issue=4 | pages = 705β712|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01960.x|issn=1440-1843|pmid=21355964}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Zhang | first = Z. | last2 = Yang | first2 = X. | last3 = Zhang | first3 = H. | last4 = Liu | first4 = X. | last5 = Pan | first5 = S. | last6 = Li | first6 = C. | date = Jun 2018 | title = The role of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer glycosylation in regulating matrix metalloproteinases in periodontitis |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29315565|journal=Journal of Periodontal Research|volume=53|issue=3 | pages = 391β402|doi=10.1111/jre.12524|issn=1600-0765|pmid=29315565}}</ref> EGCG have been shown to inhibit the expression of EMMPRIN and MMP-9 in an in vitro study.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last = Wang | first = Qi-Ming | last2 = Wang | first2 = Hao | last3 = Li | first3 = Ya-Fei | last4 = Xie | first4 = Zhi-Yong | last5 = Ma | first5 = Yao | last6 = Yan | first6 = Jian-Jun | last7 = Gao | first7 = Yi Fan Wei | last8 = Wang | first8 = Ze-Mu | last9 = Wang | first9 = Lian-Sheng | date = 2016 | title=Inhibition of EMMPRIN and MMP-9 Expression by Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate through 67-kDa Laminin Receptor in PMA-Induced Macrophages |url =https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/447923|journal=Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry|language=en|volume=39|issue=6 | pages = 2308β2319|doi=10.1159/000447923|issn=1015-8987|pmid=27832636}}</ref> In a mouse study intraperitoneally injected EGCG was found to decrease the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and EMMPRIN.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wang | first = Qiming | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Jian | last3 = Li | first3 = Yafei | last4 = Shi | first4 = Haojie | last5 = Wang | first5 = Hao | last6 = Chen | first6 = Bingrui | last7 = Wang | first7 = Fang | last8 = Wang | first8 = Zemu | last9 = Yang | first9 = Zhijian | date = 2018 | title = Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate increases atherosclerotic plaque stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29862488|journal=Kardiologia Polska|volume=76|issue=8 | pages = 1263β1270|doi=10.5603/KP.a2018.0114|issn=1897-4279|pmid=29862488}}</ref> EGCG is notorious for its low bioavailability,<ref name="examine" /> which could mean the studies above aren't applicable for normal oral dosages. However, this doesn't seem to be the case. In a rat study, 20 mg EGCG per day was administered orally in the context of abdominal aortic aneurysm (rats seems to have the same low absorption of EGCG as humans).<ref name="examine" /> The study found that the EGCG lowered the gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a & IL-1b), promoted elastoregeneration (regeneration of elastin, an important component of connective tissue) and lowered the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 with 63%. The dosage was the equivalent of 0.04 mg EGCG/g body weight/day. If you convert that to a human dose (0,04/6,2<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Nair | first = Anroop B. | last2 = Jacob | first2 = Shery | date = Mar 2016 | title = A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804402/|journal=Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy|volume=7|issue=2 | pages = 27β31|doi=10.4103/0976-0105.177703|issn=0976-0105|pmc=4804402|pmid=27057123}}</ref>= 0,006452mg/g human dose = 6.452 mg/kg human dose) it translates to 452 mg oral EGCG per day for someone who weighs 70kg. In a human study, breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy ingested 400 mg oral EGCG x3 / day for several weeks. The levels of serum active MMP-9 decreased by an average of 31% at week 2 and 55% at week 8. The levels of serum MMP-2 zymogens decreased by an average of 22% at week 2 and 51% at week 8.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.eurekaselect.com/76103/article | title = Anti-Cancer Activities of Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Breast Cancer Patients under Radiotherapy | last = Zhang | first = G. | last2 = Wang | first2 = Y. | date = 2012-01-31 | website = Current Molecular Medicine|language=en|doi=10.2174/156652412798889063|access-date=2020-04-27 | last3 = Zhang | first3 = Y. | last4 = Wan | first4 = X. | last5 = Li | first5 = J. | last6 = Liu | first6 = K. | last7 = Wang | first7 = F. | last8 = Liu | first8 = Q. | last9 = Yang | first9 = C.}}</ref> === SARS-CoV-2 & CD147 === The SARS-CoV-2 virus can invade host cells not only via the ACE2 receptor, but also via the CD147/EMMPRIN receptor,<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wang | first = Ke | last2 = Chen | first2 = Wei | last3 = Zhou | first3 = Yu-Sen | last4 = Lian | first4 = Jian-Qi | last5 = Zhang | first5 = Zheng | last6 = Du | first6 = Peng | last7 = Gong | first7 = Li | last8 = Zhang | first8 = Yang | last9 = Cui | first9 = Hong-Yong | date = 2020-03-14 | title = SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein | url =https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.988345v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en | pages = 2020.03.14.988345|doi=10.1101/2020.03.14.988345}}</ref> meaning EGCG may have beneficial effects in the context COVID-19. EGCG have also been shown to have antifibrotic effects in a human study testing 600 mg oral EGCG/day in patients with pulmonary fibrosis undergoing lung biopsy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Chapman | first = Harold A. | last2 = Wei | first2 = Ying | last3 = Montas | first3 = Genevieve | last4 = Leong | first4 = Darren | last5 = Golden | first5 = Jeffrey A. | last6 = Trinh | first6 = Binh N. | last7 = Wolters | first7 = Paul J. | last8 = Le Saux | first8 = Claude J. | last9 = Jones | first9 = KirkD. | date = 2020-03-12 | title = Reversal of TGFΞ²1-Driven Profibrotic State in Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis |url =https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1915189|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=11 | pages = 1068β1070|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1915189|issn=0028-4793|pmid=32160670}}</ref> This mean that EGCG, apart from potentially having an antiviral effect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, might reduce the risk of lung scarring from COVID-19.
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