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== Poliovirus ==
== Poliovirus ==
{{Main article | Poliovirus}}Poliovirus is the cause of the paralytic disease known as [[poliomyelitis]]."<ref>[http://www.virology.ws/2004/08/18/poliovirus/ Poliovirus - Virology Blog]</ref>
{{Main article | page_name = Poliovirus}}
Poliovirus is the cause of the paralytic disease known as [[poliomyelitis]]."<ref>[http://www.virology.ws/2004/08/18/poliovirus/ Poliovirus - Virology Blog]</ref>


== Coxsackievirus ==
== Coxsackievirus ==

Revision as of 00:07, August 18, 2018

Seventy-one types of enteroviruses have been discovered. Among these are Coxsackie A viruses, Coxsackie B viruses, echoviruses and polioviruses.

The majority of enteroviral infections are subclinical and unlike herpesviruses, usually leave the body after an effective immune response. However, they are also the most common cause of meningitis (responsible for 85-90% of cases[citation needed]), and can cause myocarditis and chronic or life-threatening conditions in certain populations,[1] such as in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Most children are exposed to at least one enterovirus by the age of 12 months.[2]

Enteroviruses have a tropism for muscle cells and have been linked to myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome, as well as Type 1 Diabetes.

Poliovirus[edit | edit source]

Main article: Poliovirus

Poliovirus is the cause of the paralytic disease known as poliomyelitis."[3]

Coxsackievirus[edit | edit source]

Main article: Coxsackievirus

Coxsackie A viruses[edit | edit source]

Main article: Coxsackie A virus

Coxsackie B viruses[edit | edit source]

Main article: Coxsackie B virus

Coxsackie B (also written coxsackievirus B) is a group of six types of enterovirus, causing symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal distress to pericarditis and myocarditis. Symptoms of infection with viruses in the Coxsackie B grouping include fever, headache, sore throat, gastrointestinal distress, extreme fatigue as well as chest and muscle pain. It can also lead to spasms in arms and legs. Numerous studies have found evidence of persistent infection of Coxsackie B in the blood, muscle, gut and brain in a subset of patients with diagnosed with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Echovirus[edit | edit source]

Main article: Echovirus

Persistent infection[edit | edit source]

Main article: Non-cytolytic enterovirus

Some researchers believe that enteroviruses establish a persistent, intracellular, non-cytolytic infection, that is an infection that does not involve the destruction of infected cells. Non-cytolytic infection is difficult to measure in the serum as viral particles remain in the cell walls of tissues.

The molecular mechanisms of non-cytolytic infection were examined in a small study comparing Coxsackie B2 virus cultured in vitro to RNA extracted via muscle biopsy from eight patients with a chronic fatigue syndrome diagnosis. All patients had symptoms of muscle fatiguability. Four of these samples tested positive for enteroviral RNA. In all four patients with enteroviral-specific RNA, the enteroviral RNA had equal amounts of positive sense and negative sense RNA. By contrast, CVB2 virus in culture produced positive sense RNA at a ratio of 100:1. An equal ratio of positive to negative sense RNA would inhibit the translation of virus-specific gene products, explaining the failure to attract a response from the host immune system, and my account for how CVB2 could establish a persistent infection in these four patients.[12]

Models of persistent infection of the heart[13] and brain[14] have also been studied in mice and in thyroid carcinoma.

Metabolic effects[edit | edit source]

A study of poliovirus found that polio infection rapidly decreases cellular oxygen consumption (and thus energy production through cellular respiration) by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase and blocking mitochondrial electron transport.[15]

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis[edit | edit source]

Ever since the historic outbreaks of ME in the 1930s-1950s, enteroviruses, especially Coxsackie B viruses, have been posited as a key etiological factor in myalgic encephalomyelitis. These frequently coincided with outbreaks of polio, another enterovirus. Findings in several outbreaks seemed to suggest that symptoms were caused by a virus distinct from but related to polio including findings of mild, diffuse peripheral nervous system damage in monkeys infected with the virus; a stronger response to polio vaccination in children who had been in epidemic areas; and seasonal patterns of infection resembling polio.[16]

There is no consensus regarding the direct evidence for enteroviral persistence in ME patients, in part to different methods of testing and types of tissue samples. Several researchers have indicated that they have failed to find evidence of enteroviruses in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of ME patients,[citation needed] whereas others maintain that a persistent infection can only be directly measured in tissue samples, for example muscle biopsies, stomach biopsies, or brain tissue.

Some studies have found evidence of enteroviral infection in muscle biopsies in a subset of patients, while others have failed to replicate those results.[17][18][19]

Several studies have patients with ME to have persistently elevated levels of Coxsackie B IgM or IgG antibodies, circulating immune complexes containing viral antigen, or presence of enterovirus by PCR or culture, all indicating the possible presence of a persistent infection.[20][21] Others studies failed to find a difference in rates of positivity between patients and controls. Differences in study outcomes may be due to the criteria used to define study cohorts as well as the techniques used.

Blood testing[edit | edit source]

Elevated Coxsackie B antibodies have been found in patients in at least two ME outbreaks.[22][23] In a retrospective cohort study[24] by Melvin Ramsay and Elizabeth Dowsett, 31% of the patients were found to have elevated enteroviral IgM antibody levels. Sixteen of these patients were retested annually over three years and all showed persistently elevated Coxsackie B neutralizing antibody levels and intermittently positive enteroviral IgM, suggesting a persistent infection was present.

Similarly, a study of of 76 patients with postviral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) found that 76% had detectible IgM responses to enteroviruses. 22% had positive cultures (compared to 7% controls) and VP1 antigen was detected in 51%, all pointing to a chronic infection in many post-viral patients.[25] However, a larger study in Scotland of 243 PVFS patients and matched controls found no difference in IgM and IgG positivity between patients and controls.[26]

PCR[edit | edit source]

In a study of serum samples from 100 CFS patients and 100 healthy controls, 42% of patients were positive for Coxsackie B sequences by PCR, compared to only 9% of the comparison group.[27]

Also using PCR, a study of 236 patients by John Chia found enteroviral RNA in 48% of patients as compared to 8% of controls.To date, Chia reports finding enteroviral RNA in 35% of 518 patients.[28]

Muscle biopsy[edit | edit source]

Several muscle biopsy studies have also found the presence of Coxsackie B RNA sequences in CFS patients as compared to controls. A study of 60 post-viral fatigue syndrome patients found 53% had enteroviral RNA in muscle compared to 15% of controls.[29] However, a follow-up study comparing CFS patients to patients with other neuromuscular disorders failed to find a statistically significant difference.[30]

Gut biopsy[edit | edit source]

Research by John Chia and his son, Andrew Chia has looked for enteroviruses in gut biopsies. 82% of samples were positive for viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), compared to 20% of controls. Enteroviral RNA was detected in 37% of biopsy samples, compared to 4.7% of controls. They posit that a subset of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients have a chronic enteroviral infection.[31]

Brain autopsy[edit | edit source]

Other conditions[edit | edit source]

Type 1 Diabetes[edit | edit source]

Several studies have suggested a relationship between Coxsackie B4 and the onset of Type 1 diabetes.[32][33][34]

A study of patients with Type 1 Diabetes found that Coxsackie B4 was found to infect the β cells in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas and cause inflammation mediated by natural killer cells.[35]

Gastroparesis[edit | edit source]

A very small observational study found that nine out of ten patients with symptoms of gastroparesis had positive gastric biopsies for enterovirus.[36]

Treatment[edit | edit source]

There are no FDA-approved treatments for enteroviruses. The drug Pleconaril has been shown to have activity against a number of enteroviruses[1][37][38][39][40] but has not been approved by the FDA.

Treatment usually involves supporting the immune response particularly in those with documented immune dysfunction. Dr. Chia treats his patients with enteroviral infection with Equilibrant, gammaglobulin and interferon.[41]

Published Studies[edit | edit source]

  • 2016, A study on brain tissue samples from a deceased ME patient found evidence of enterovirus specific genomic sequences and enteroviral protein in the patient's cerebral cortex.[42]
  • 2016, A study on stomach tissue samples from CFS patients found that 82% of patients have evidence of chronic enterovirus infection of the stomach.[31]
  • 2010, A longitudinal study found that a percentage of patients presenting to emergency care with acute enterovirus infection would go on to develop symptoms of ME and CFS and had demonstrable evidence of viral persistence.[43]
  • 1996, A Swedish study using the Fukuda criteria was unable to find evidence of any persistent enteroviral infection in fecal samples, muscle biopsies, or cerebrospinal fluid.[18]
  • 1995, In the CFS study group, 42% patients were positive for enteroviral sequences by PCR, compared to only 9% of the comparison group.[44]
  • 1994, A second postmortem tissue study found positive enterovirus PCR sequences in the muscle, heart, brain stem, and hypothalamus of a deceased ME patient.[45]
  • 1990, Persistence of enteroviral RNA in chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with the abnormal production of equal amounts of positive and negative strands of enteroviral RNA. "This suggests that entrovirus pesistence in muscle is due to a defect in control of viral RNA synthesis."[46]
  • 1990, A retrospective cohort study found that 31% of ME patients had elevated enteroviral IgM antibody levels. Sixteen of these patients were retested annually over three years and all showed persistently elevated Coxsackie B neutralizing antibody levels and intermittently positive enteroviral IgM, indicating the possibility of a persistent infection.[47]
  • 1988, A study of 76 postviral fatigue patients and 30 controls found significantly higher numbers of positive cultures and IgM responses to enteroviruses.[48]
  • 1988, In one study, enterovirus-specific RNA three standard deviations greater than controls was found in muscle biopsies of 20% of ME patients studied.[19]

Talks & interviews[edit | edit source]

Learn More[edit | edit source]

See Also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rotbart, HA; Webster, AD (January 15, 2001), "Treatment of Potentially Life-Threatening Enterovirus Infections with Pleconaril", Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32 (2): 228–235, doi:10.1086/318452, PMID 11170912
  2. ↑ Juhela, S (July 1999). "Comparison of enterovirus-specific cellular immunity in two populations of young children vaccinated with inactivated or live poliovirus vaccines". Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 117: 100–105.
  3. ↑ Poliovirus - Virology Blog
  4. ↑ Landay, AL (September 1991). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical condition associated with immune activation". Lancet.
  5. ↑ Chia, John (November 2005). "The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Clinical Pathology.
  6. ↑ Fegan, KG; Behan, PO; Bell, EJ (June 1, 1983), "Myalgic encephalomyelitis — report of an epidemic", J R Coll Gen Pract, 33 (251): 335–337, PMID 6310104
  7. ↑ Calder, BD; Warnock, PJ (January 1984), "Coxsackie B infection in a Scottish general practice", Jrnl Royal Coll Gen Pract, 34 (258): 15–19, PMID 6319691
  8. ↑ Yousef, G.E. (January 1988). "CHRONIC ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH POSTVIRAL FATIGUE SYNDROME". The Lancet.
  9. ↑ Nairn, C (August 1995). "Comparison of coxsackie B neutralisation and enteroviral PCR in chronic fatigue patients". Journal of Medical Virology.
  10. ↑ Chia, John (November 2005). "The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Clinical Pathology.
  11. ↑ Gow, JW. "Enteroviral RNA sequences detected by polymerase chain reaction in muscle of patients with postviral fatigue syndrome". British Medical Journal.
  12. ↑ Cunningham, Louise (1990). "Persistence of enteroviral RNA in chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with the abnormal production of equal amounts of positive and negative strands of enteroviral RNA". Journal of General Virology. 71: 1399–1402.
  13. ↑ Chapman N.M., Kim K.S. (2008) Persistent Coxsackievirus Infection: Enterovirus Persistence in Chronic Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy. In: Tracy S., Oberste M.S., Drescher K.M. (eds) Group B Coxsackieviruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 323. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
  14. ↑ Feuer, Ralph (September 2009). "Viral Persistence and Chronic Immunopathology in the Adult Central Nervous System following Coxsackievirus Infection during the Neonatal Period". Journal of Virology. 83: 9356–9369.
  15. ↑ Koundouris, A (May 2000). "Poliovirus Induces an Early Impairment of Mitochondrial Function by Inhibiting Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 271: 610–4.
  16. ↑ Parish, JG (1978). "Early outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 54: 711–7.
  17. ↑ McArdle, A; McArdle, F; Jackson, MJ; Page, SF; Fahal, I; Edwards, RH (April 1996), "Investigation by polymerase chain reaction of enteroviral infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome", Clinical Science (London, England: 1979), 90 (4): 295–300, doi:10.1042/cs0900295, PMID 8777836
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lindh, G; Samuelson, A; Hedlund, KO; Evengård, B; Lindquist, L; Ehrnst, A (1996), "No findings of enteroviruses in Swedish patients with chronic fatigue syndrome", Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 28 (3): 305–307, PMID 8863367
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Archard, LC; Bowles, NE; Behan, PO; Bell, EJ; Doyle, D (June 1988), "Postviral fatigue syndrome: persistence of enterovirus RNA in muscle and elevated creatine kinase", Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 81 (6): 326–329, PMID 3404526
  20. ↑ Landay, AL (September 1991). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical condition associated with immune activation". Lancet.
  21. ↑ Chia, John (November 2005). "The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Clinical Pathology.
  22. ↑ Fegan, KG; Behan, PO; Bell, EJ (June 1, 1983), "Myalgic encephalomyelitis — report of an epidemic", J R Coll Gen Pract, 33 (251): 335–337, PMID 6310104
  23. ↑ Calder, BD; Warnock, PJ (January 1984), "Coxsackie B infection in a Scottish general practice", Jrnl Royal Coll Gen Pract, 34 (258): 15–19, PMID 6319691
  24. ↑ Dowsett, EG; Ramsay, AM; McCartney, RA; Bell, EJ (July 1, 1990), "Myalgic encephalomyelitis--a persistent enteroviral infection?", Postgraduate Medical Journal, 66 (777): 526–530, doi:10.1136/pgmj.66.777.526, PMID 2170962
  25. ↑ Yousef, G.E. (January 1988). "CHRONIC ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH POSTVIRAL FATIGUE SYNDROME". The Lancet.
  26. ↑ Miller, N A (1991). "Antibody to Coxsackie B virus in diagnosing postviral fatigue syndrome". The British Medical Journal.
  27. ↑ Nairn, C (August 1995). "Comparison of coxsackie B neutralisation and enteroviral PCR in chronic fatigue patients". Journal of Medical Virology.
  28. ↑ Chia, John (November 2005). "The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Clinical Pathology.
  29. ↑ Gow, JW. "Enteroviral RNA sequences detected by polymerase chain reaction in muscle of patients with postviral fatigue syndrome". British Medical Journal.
  30. ↑ Gow, JW (1994). "Studies on enterovirus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Clin Infect Dis. 18: S126-9.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Chia, JKS; Chia, AY (January 1, 2008), "Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with chronic enterovirus infection of the stomach", Journal of Clinical Pathology, 61 (1): 43–48, doi:10.1136/jcp.2007.050054, PMID 17872383
  32. ↑ Gamble, D. R.; Taylor, K. W.; Cumming, H. (November 3, 1973). "Coxsackie Viruses and Diabetes Mellitus". British Medical Journal. 4 (5887): 260–262. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1587352. PMID 4753237.
  33. ↑ Ylipaasto, P.; Klingel, K.; Lindberg, A. M.; Otonkoski, T.; Kandolf, R.; Hovi, T.; Roivainen, M. (February 1, 2004). "Enterovirus infection in human pancreatic islet cells, islet tropism in vivo and receptor involvement in cultured islet beta cells". Diabetologia. 47 (2): 225–239. doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1297-z. ISSN 0012-186X.
  34. ↑ Bason, Caterina; Lorini, Renata; Lunardi, Claudio; Dolcino, Marzia; Giannattasio, Alessandro; d’Annunzio, Giuseppe; Rigo, Antonella; Pedemonte, Nicoletta; Corrocher, Roberto (February 28, 2013). "In Type 1 Diabetes a Subset of Anti-Coxsackievirus B4 Antibodies Recognize Autoantigens and Induce Apoptosis of Pancreatic Beta Cells". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e57729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057729. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3585221. PMID 23469060.
  35. ↑ http://www.pnas.org/content/104/12/5115.full
  36. ↑ Barkin, JA; Czul, F; Barkin, JS; Klimas, NG; Rey, IR; Moshiree, B (2016), "Gastric Enterovirus Infection: A Possible Causative Etiology of Gastroparesis", Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 61 (8): 2344-50, doi:10.1007/s10620-016-4227-x, PMID 27344315
  37. ↑ Pevear, Daniel C; Tull, Tina M; Seipel, Martin E; Groarke, James M (September 1, 1999), "Activity of Pleconaril against Enteroviruses", Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 43 (9): 2109–2115, PMID 10471549
  38. ↑ Bauer, Sofia; Gottesman, Giora; Sirota, Lea; Litmanovitz, Ita; Ashkenazi, Shay; Levi, Itzhak (July 23, 2002), "Severe Coxsackie virus B infection in preterm newborns treated with pleconaril", European Journal of Pediatrics, 161 (9): 491–493, doi:10.1007/s00431-002-0929-5
  39. ↑ Groarke, James M; Pevear, Daniel C (June 1, 1999), "Attenuated Virulence of Pleconaril-Resistant Coxsackievirus B3 Variants", Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179 (6): 1538–1541, doi:10.1086/314758, PMID 10228078
  40. ↑ Abzug, Mark J; Michaels, Marian G; Wald, Ellen; et al. (March 2016), "A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pleconaril for the Treatment of Neonates With Enterovirus Sepsis", Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 5 (1): 53–62, doi:10.1093/jpids/piv015, PMID 26407253
  41. ↑ "Treatments for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", EvMed Research (webpage)
  42. ↑ Richardson, J (January 1, 2001), "Viral Isolation from Brain in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis", Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 9 (3–4): 15–19, doi:10.1300/J092v09n03_03
  43. ↑ Chia, JKS; Chia, AY; Voeller, M; Lee, T; Chang, R (February 2010), "Acute enterovirus infection followed by myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and viral persistence", Journal of Clinical Pathology, 63 (2): 165–168, doi:10.1136/jcp.2009.070466, PMID 19828908
  44. ↑ Nairn, C (August 1995). "Comparison of Coxsackie B neutralization and enteroviral PCR in chronic fatigue patients". Journal of Medical Virology.
  45. ↑ McGarry, Frances; Gow, John; Behan, Peter O (June 1, 1994), "Enterovirus in the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", Annals of Internal Medicine, 120 (11): 972–973, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00020
  46. ↑ Cunningham, L; Bowles, NE; Lane, RJ; Dubowitz, V; Archard, LC (1990), "Persistence of enteroviral RNA in chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with the abnormal production of equal amounts of positive and negative strands of enteroviral RNA.", Journal of General Virology, 71 (6): 1399-402, doi:10.1099/0022-1317-71-6-1399, PMID 2161907
  47. ↑ Dowsett, EG; Ramsay, AM; McCartney, RA; Bell, EJ (July 1, 1990), "Myalgic encephalomyelitis--a persistent enteroviral infection?", Postgraduate Medical Journal, 66 (777): 526–530, doi:10.1136/pgmj.66.777.526, PMID 2170962
  48. ↑ Yousef, G.E. (January 23, 1988). "Chronic Enterovirus Infection in Patients with Postviral Fatigue Syndrome". The Lancet. 331: 146–150.
  49. ↑ | last1 = Colby | first1 = Jane | authorlink1 = Jane Colby | title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A polio by another name (chapter) | journal = ME: The New Plague (book) | date = 1996 }}

enterovirus A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered. (Learn more: viralzone.expasy.org)

enterovirus A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered. (Learn more: viralzone.expasy.org)

enterovirus A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered. (Learn more: viralzone.expasy.org)

enterovirus A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered. (Learn more: viralzone.expasy.org)

serum The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood plasma after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. (Blood plasma is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)

myalgic encephalomyelitis (M.E.) - A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from chronic fatigue syndrome, while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome. A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.

etiology The cause of origin, especially of a disease.

antibodies Antibody/immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by B cells that act against an antigen in an immune response.

antibodies Antibody/immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by B cells that act against an antigen in an immune response.

antibodies Antibody/immunoglobulin refers to any of a large number of specific proteins produced by B cells that act against an antigen in an immune response.

enterovirus A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered. (Learn more: viralzone.expasy.org)

β β / Β. Greek letter beta (a symbol used in science), equivalent to "b".

cerebral 1. of or relating to the brain or the intellect 2. of, relating to, affecting, or being the cerebrum.

brainstem Region of the midbrain in adults, includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and develops.

BMJ The BMJ (previously the British Medical Journal) is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.

enterovirus A genus of RNA viruses which typically enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems and sometimes spread to the central nervous system or other parts of the body, causing neurological, cardiac, and other damage. Since the first reports of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), enteroviruses have been suspected as a cause of ME. Enteroviruses have also been implicated as the cause of Type I diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Enteroviruses include poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, and many others. New enteroviruses and new strains of existing enteroviruses are continuously being discovered. (Learn more: viralzone.expasy.org)

etiology The cause of origin, especially of a disease.

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