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Endothelial dysfunction
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'''Endothelial dysfunction''' is a dysfunction in the ''endothelium'', which is a thin layer that covers the inner surface of all blood vessels.<ref name="Esper2006" /> The endothelium separates the circulating blood from the tissues, and vascular endothelium has a key role in maintaining vascular [[homeostasis]] by releasing vasodilators and vasoconstrictors which either tighten or relax muscles in order to increase or reduce the size of blood vessels.<ref name="Esper2006">{{Cite journal | title = Endothelial dysfunction: a comprehensive appraisal | date = 2006-02-23| url = https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-5-4|journal=Cardiovascular Diabetology|volume=5|issue=1 | pages = 4 | last = Esper | first = Ricardo J. | last2 = Nordaby | first2 = Roberto A. | last3 = Vilariño | first3 = Jorge O. | last4 = Paragano | first4 = Antonio | last5 = Cacharrón | first5 = José L. | last6 = Machado | first6 = Rogelio A.|doi=10.1186/1475-2840-5-4|pmc=PMC1434727|pmid=16504104|issn=1475-2840}}</ref><ref name="Kwaifa2019">{{Cite journal | title = Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity-Induced Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications | date = Feb 2020| url = https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/2/291|journal=Biomolecules|volume=10|issue=2 | pages = 291 | last = Kwaifa | first = Ibrahim Kalle | authorlink = | last2 = Bahari | first2 = Hasnah | authorlink2 = | last3 = Yong | first3 = Yoke Keong | authorlink3 = | last4 = Noor | first4 = Sabariah Md | authorlink4 = |language=en|doi=10.3390/biom10020291|pmc=|pmid=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Cleveland">{{Cite web | url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21697-vasoconstriction | title = Vasoconstriction: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment|website=Cleveland Clinic|access-date=2021-12-26}}</ref> ==Sympathetic nervous system== Endothelial function is linked to the [[sympathetic nervous system]] (SNS), since the SNS provides the nerves for the blood vessels.<ref name="NBK470401">{{Cite book | title = Anatomy, Blood Vessels | date = 2022 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470401/ | last = Tucker | first = William D. | last2 = Arora | first2 = Yingyot | last3 = Mahajan | first3 = Kunal|location=Treasure Island (FL)| publisher = StatPearls Publishing|pmid=29262226}}</ref> ==Prevalence== ==Symptom recognition== Endothelial dysfunction has only very recently been recognized within [[ME/CFS]] patients. ==ME/CFS neurological symptoms hypothesis == In 2021 a group of [[EUROMENE]] researchers investigating ME/CFS published a hypothesis stating that endothelial dysfunction may be the cause of the [[:Category:Neurological signs and symptoms|neurological symptoms]] found in ME/CFS, although they hypothesized that other factors that described accounted for the other symptoms of ME/CFS.<ref name="Scheibenbogen2021" /> ==Notable studies== *2022, Decreased NO production in endothelial cells exposed to plasma from ME/CFS patients<ref name="Bertinat2022">{{Cite journal | title = Decreased NO production in endothelial cells exposed to plasma from ME/CFS patients| date = 2022-04-01 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1537189122000027|journal=Vascular Pharmacology|volume=143|issue=|pages=106953 | last =Bertinat | first =Romina | author-link = | last2=Villalobos-Labra | first2 = Roberto | author-link2 = | last3 = Hofmann | first3 = Lidija | author-link3 = | last4 = Blauensteiner | first4 = Jennifer | author-link4 = | last5 = Sepúlveda | first5 = Nuno | author-link5 = Nuno Sepúlveda | last6 = Westermeier | first6 = Francisco | author-link6 = Francisco Westermeier | last9 = | first9 = |language=en|doi=10.1016/j.vph.2022.106953|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=1537-1891|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2022.106953 (Abstract)] *2021, An attempt to explain the neurological symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Scheibenbogen2021">{{Cite journal | last = Wirth | first = Klaus J. | author-link = | last2 = Scheibenbogen | first2 = Carmen | authorlink2 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | last3 = Paul | first3 = Friedemann | authorlink3 = | date = 2021-11-22 | title = An attempt to explain the neurological symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | url =https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-021-03143-3|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|volume=19|issue=1 | pages = 471|doi=10.1186/s12967-021-03143-3|issn=1479-5876|pmc=PMC8607226|pmid=34809664|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-021-03143-3 (Full text)] *2021, Reduced Endothelial Function in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome–Results From Open-Label Cyclophosphamide Intervention Study<ref name="Sorland2021">{{Cite journal | title = Reduced Endothelial Function in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome–Results From Open-Label Cyclophosphamide Intervention Study | date = 2021 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmed.2021.642710|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=8|issue= | pages = 294 | last = Sørland | first = Kari | authorlink = | last2 = Sandvik | first2 = Miriam Kristine | authorlink2 = | last3 = Rekeland | first3 = Ingrid Gurvin | authorlink3 = | last4 = Ribu | first4 = Lis | authorlink4 = | last5 = Småstuen | first5 = Milada Cvancarova | authorlink5 = | last6 = Mella | first6 = Olav | author-link6 = Olav Mella | last7 = Fluge | first7 = Øystein | author-link8 = Øystein Fluge|doi=10.3389/fmed.2021.642710|pmc=PMC8019750|pmid=33829023|access-date=|issn=2296-858X|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.642710/full (Full text)] *2021, Pathophysiology of skeletal muscle disturbances in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Wirth2021">{{Cite journal | last = Wirth | first = Klaus J. | author-link = Klaus Wirth | last2 = Scheibenbogen | first2 = Carmen | authorlink2 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | date = 2021-04-21 | title = Pathophysiology of skeletal muscle disturbances in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)| url = https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-021-02833-2|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|volume=19|issue=1 | pages = 162|doi=10.1186/s12967-021-02833-2|issn=1479-5876|pmc=PMC8058748|pmid=33882940}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-021-02833-2 (Full text)] *2021, Persistent endotheliopathy in the pathogenesis of long COVID syndrome<ref name="Fogarty2021">{{Cite journal | title = Persistent endotheliopathy in the pathogenesis of long COVID syndrome | date = Oct 2021| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8420256/|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|volume=19|issue=10 | pages = 2546–2553 | last = Fogarty | first = Helen | author-link = | last2 = Townsend | first2 = Liam | authorlink2 = | last3 = Morrin | first3 = Hannah | authorlink3 = | last4 = Ahmad | first4 = Azaz | authorlink4 = | last5 = Comerford | first5 = Claire | authorlink5 = | last6 = Karampini | first6 = Ellie | author-link6 = | last7 = Englert | first7 = Hanna | last8 = Byrne | first8 = Mary | last9 = Bergin | first9 = Colm | last10 = O'Sullivan | first10 = Jamie M. | last11 = Martin‐Loeches | first11 = Ignacio|doi=10.1111/jth.15490|pmc=8420256|pmid=34375505|access-date=|issn=1538-7933|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8420256/ (Full text)] *2020, Endothelial Dysfunction Driven by Hypoxia—The Influence of Oxygen Deficiency on NO Bioavailability<ref name="Jasiecka2020">{{Cite journal | title = Endothelial Dysfunction Driven by Hypoxia—The Influence of Oxygen Deficiency on NO Bioavailability | date = Jul 2021| url = https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/7/982|journal=Biomolecules|volume=11|issue=7 | pages = 982 | last = Janaszak-Jasiecka | first = Anna | author-link = | last2 = Siekierzycka | first2 = Anna | authorlink2 = | last3 = Płoska | first3 = Agata | authorlink3 = | last4 = Dobrucki | first4 = Iwona T. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Kalinowski | first5 = Leszek | authorlink5 = |language=en|doi=10.3390/biom11070982|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/7/982 (Full text)] *2020, Endothelial senescence and chronic fatigue syndrome, a COVID-19 based hypothesis<ref name="Sfera2020">{{Cite journal | title = Endothelial Senescence and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a COVID-19 Based Hypothesis | date = 2021-06-25| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8267916/|journal=Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience|volume=15 | pages = 673217 | last = Sfera | first = Adonis | last2 = Osorio | first2 = Carolina | last3 = Zapata Martín del Campo | first3 = Carlos M. | last4 = Pereida | first4 = Shaniah | last5 = Maurer | first5 = Steve | last6 = Maldonado | first6 = Jose Campo | last7 = Kozlakidis | first7 = Zisis|doi=10.3389/fncel.2021.673217|pmc=8267916|pmid=34248502|issn=1662-5102}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8267916/ (Full text)] *2020, Peripheral endothelial dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Scherbakov2020">{{Cite journal | last = Scherbakov | first = Nadja | author-link = | last2 = Szklarski | first2 = Marvin | authorlink2 = | last3 = Hartwig | first3 = Jelka | authorlink3 = | last4 = Sotzny | first4 = Franziska | authorlink4 = Franziska Sotzny | last5 = Lorenz | first5 = Sebastian | authorlink5 = | last6 = Meyer | first6 = Antje | author-link6 = | last7 = Grabowski | first7 = Patricia | author-link8 = Patricia Grabowski | last8 = Doehner | first8 = Wolfram | last9 = Scheibenbogen | first9 = Carmen | author-link9 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | date = 2020 | title=Peripheral endothelial dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ehf2.12633|journal=ESC Heart Failure|language=en|volume=7|issue=3 | pages = 1064–1071|doi=10.1002/ehf2.12633|issn=2055-5822|pmc = 7261521|pmid=32154656|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ehf2.12633 (Full text)] *2017, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Hypofunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) as a Consequence of Activated Immune-Inflammatory and Oxidative and Nitrosative Pathways<ref name="Morris2017-HPA">{{Cite journal | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | author-link = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Anderson | first2 = George | authorlink2 = | last3 = Maes | first3 = Michael | authorlink3 = Michael Maes | date = Nov 2017 | title = Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Hypofunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) as a Consequence of Activated Immune-Inflammatory and Oxidative and Nitrosative Pathways |url =https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27766535|journal=Molecular Neurobiology|volume=54|issue=9 | pages = 6806–6819|doi=10.1007/s12035-016-0170-2|issn=1559-1182|pmc=|pmid=27766535|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [[pmid:27766535|(Abstract)]] ==Possible causes== ==See also== ==Learn more== *[https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/endothelial-dysfunction.html Endothelial dysfunction] - Stanford healthcare *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470401/ Anatomy, Blood Vessels] - StatPearls book ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Cardiac signs and symptoms]]
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