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Dysautonomia
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== Types of dysautonomia == More than 70 million people have dysautonomia. There are various types of dysautonomia, each presenting with different underlying mechanisms as well as some overlapping mechanisms. Forms of dysautonomia include: * '''[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)]]''', a form of orthostatic intolerance that can cause lightheadedness, fainting, tachycardia, chest pains, exercise intolerance, temperature sensitivity, and more. * '''[[Neurocardiogenic syncope]]''' is the most common form of dysautonomia, with many individuals having a mild case (fainting once or twice in their lifetime). Severe cases can result in fainting several times per day. * '''[[Multiple system atrophy|Multiple system atrophy (MSA)]]''', a fatal and rare form of dysautonomia, affects 350,000 people worldwide. It is a neurodegenerative disorder occurring in adults over the age of 40. MSA progresses rapidly; patients usually become bedridden within 2 years of diagnosis. * '''[[Familial dysautonomia]] (FD)''' is a rare genetic disorder in persons of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. It is a very serious condition, consisting of abnormal development, progressive degeneration of the sensory and autonomic nervous systems, and is inevitably fatal. FD is caused by a point mutation in the ''IKBAP'' gene, resulting in the severe reduction of the IKAP protein, which is involved in many intracellular processes.<ref name="Dragatsis2016">{{Cite journal | last = Dragatsis | first = Ioannis | last2 = Dietrich | first2 = Paula | last3 = Dragatsis | first3 = Ioannis | last4 = Dietrich | first4 = Paula | date = Dec 2016 | title = Familial Dysautonomia: Mechanisms and Models |url =http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1415-47572016000400497&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology|volume=39|issue=4 | pages = 497β514|doi=10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0335|issn=1415-4757}}</ref> * '''[[Autonomic dysreflexia]] (AD)''' is a form of dysautonomia associated with spinal cord injuries, affecting the communication of the autonomic nervous system. * '''[[Baroreflex failure]]'''; the baroreflex is the bodyβs homeostatic mechanism for maintaining blood pressure. If the baroreceptor or its system fails, patients experience inappropriate blood pressure. * '''[[Cerebral salt wasting syndrome]]''' is a condition in response to physical injury or the presence of tumors in the brain, presenting as hyponatremia (excessive sodium secretion from the kidney) and dehydration. * '''[[Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]''' is a very common form of dysautonomia, affecting 69 million people worldwide (20% of diabetics). It is a serious complication of diabetes, associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. * '''[[Panayiotopoulos syndrome]]''', also known as autonomic epilepsy is a childhood-specific seizure disorder consisting of seizures with predominantly autonomic symptoms (without convulsing).<ref name="Covanis2006">{{Cite journal | last = Covanis | first = Athanasios | date = 2006-10-01 | title = Panayiotopoulos Syndrome: A Benign Childhood Autonomic Epilepsy Frequently Imitating Encephalitis, Syncope, Migraine, Sleep Disorder, or Gastroenteritis |url =http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/4/e1237|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=118|issue=4| pages = e1237βe1243|doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0623|issn=1098-4275|pmid=16950946}}</ref> * '''[[Reflex sympathetic dystrophy]]''' is a an extremely painful neurological condition that is sometimes considered a form of dysautonomia. Dysautonomia can occur independently or secondary to other medical conditions, such as diabetes, [[Multiple sclerosis|MS]], rheumatoid arthritis, and [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]].<ref name="what-is" />
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