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Dorsal root ganglion
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[[File:Dorsal Root Ganglion.JPG|400px|thumb|right|Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG).<br> Source: [http://virtualslides.med.umich.edu/Histology/Basic%20Tissues/Nervous%20Tissue/065-2_HISTO_40X.svs/view.apml the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School ©2012], cropped and labelled by {{Cite book | last = Betts | first = JG | authorlink = | last2 = Young | first2 = KA | authorlink2 = | last3 = Wise | first3 = JA | last4 = Johnson | first4 = E | last5 = Poe | first5 = B | last6 = Kruse | first6 = DH | last7 = Korol | first7 = O | last8 = Johnson | first8 = JE | last9 = Womble | first9 = M | last10 = DeSaix | first10 = P | date = Apr 25, 2013 |website=OpenStax|location=Houston, Texas|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= |chapter=13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System | title = Anatomy and Physiology | url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction |chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/13-4-the-peripheral-nervous-system |access-date=2022-01-27}}.<br> License: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0].]] [[File:Spinal Cord Sectional Anatomy.png|300px|thumb|right|[[Spinal cord|Spinal Cord]] sectional anatomy (Note: Dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion).<br> Author: Bruce Blas (2016).]] The most common type of sensory ganglion is the '''dorsal root ganglion''' or '''DRG''' or posterior root ganglion.<ref name="13-4-pns"/> Ganglia are the "cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root." Ganglia is plural of ganglion.<ref name="13-4-pns">{{Cite book | last = Betts | first = JG | authorlink = | last2 = Young | first2 = KA | authorlink2 = | last3 = Wise | first3 = JA | last4 = Johnson | first4 = E | last5 = Poe | first5 = B | last6 = Kruse | first6 = DH | last7 = Korol | first7 = O | last8 = Johnson | first8 = JE | last9 = Womble | first9 = M | last10 = DeSaix | first10 = P | date = Apr 25, 2013 |website=OpenStax|location=Houston, Texas|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= |chapter=13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System | title = Anatomy and Physiology | url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction |chapter-url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/13-4-the-peripheral-nervous-system |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref> Generally speaking, each vertebra of the spinal column has both afferent (sensory) and efferent (effector) nerves emerging from inside the spine, and the dorsal/posterior side of the spine is where the afferent nerve emerges. Each afferent nerve has a bulge containing the cell bodies of the neurons in the afferent nerve. This bulge is called a dorsal root ganglion.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite news |url =https://www.britannica.com/science/ganglion#ref114478 | title = Ganglion {{!}} physiology|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-13|language=en}}</ref> The neuron is parted of two parts: # Dendrite receives the information and sends it to the Perykaron (cytoplasm which is around the nucleus).{{citation needed | date = 2022}} # Axon takes this information and sends forward.{{citation needed | date = 2022}} == In human disease == [[File:Dorsal Root Ganglion Chicken.JPG|200px|thumb|right|"This is a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) from a chicken embryo (around stage of day 7) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody. Axons growing out of the ganglion are visible."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=https://www.thefullwiki.org/Dorsal_root_ganglia | title = Dorsal root ganglia : Wikis (The Full Wiki) | website = thefullwiki.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref>]]Ganglionitis is [[inflammation]] of a nerve ganglion. The dorsal root ganglia can become inflamed causing severe pain and other symptoms. Conditions that can cause dorsal root ganglionitis include trauma, sciatica, compressive neuropathy, herniated disc, [[Cervical spinal stenosis|spinal stenosis]], peripheral neuropathy, [[meningitis]], and [[Spinal cord|spinal]] infections<ref name="Ma2006">{{Cite journal | last = Ma | first = C. | last2 = Greenquist | first2 = K.W. | last3 = Lamotte | first3 = R.H. | date = Apr 2006 | title = Inflammatory mediators enhance the excitability of chronically compressed dorsal root ganglion neurons |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16381809|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|volume=95|issue=4 | pages = 2098–2107|doi=10.1152/jn.00748.2005|issn=0022-3077|pmid=16381809}}</ref>, including [[Herpes simplex]] virus 1.<ref name="Slavin2017">{{Cite journal | last = Slavin | first = Konstantin V. | last2 = Jain | first2 = Paavani | last3 = Rathore | first3 = Ranvir S. | last4 = Rakic | first4 = Andrei M. | last5 = Rathore | first5 = Jaivir S. | last6 = Valyi-Nagy | first6 = Tibor | date = 2017 | title=Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Human Cervical Dorsal Root Ganglionitis |url =https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/479146|journal=Case Reports in Neurology|language=en|volume=9|issue=2 | pages = 188–194|doi=10.1159/000479146|issn=1662-680X|pmid=28966586}}</ref> ===ME/CFS === [[Inflammation]] of the dorsal root ganglia (ganglionitis) has been found in the [[Autopsy|autopsies]] of several patients who died of [[Severe and very severe ME|very severely ill]] [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] patients including [[Lynn Gilderdale]] and [[Sophia Mirza]].<ref name="ODonovan2010">{{Citation|vauthors=O'Donovan D, Harrower T, Cader S, Findley L, Shepherd C, Chaudhuri A | title = Pathology of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Pilot Study of four autopsy cases. |work=International Science Symposium 3-4 – Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | date = 2010 | location=Queensland, Australia: Population Health and Neuroimmunology Unit, Bond University }}</ref><ref name="Vink2015LA">{{Cite journal | last = Vink | first = Mark | date = 2015-09-10 | title = The Aerobic Energy Production and the Lactic Acid Excretion are both Impeded in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282133390_The_Aerobic_Energy_Production_and_the_Lactic_Acid_Excretion_are_both_Impeded_in_Myalgic_EncephalomyelitisChronic_Fatigue_Syndrome|journal=Journal of Neurology and Neurobiology (ISSN 2379-7150)|volume=1|doi=10.16966/2379-7150.112}}</ref><ref name="Cader2009">{{citation|vauthors=Cader S, O'Donovan DG, Shepherd C, Chaudhuri A | title = FP03-MO-02 Neuropathology of post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-510X%2809%2970274-6|doi=10.1016/S0022-510X%2809%2970274-6|journal=J Neurol Sci|volume=285| pages=S60-S61}}</ref><ref name="MENwasting">{{Cite news |url =https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/bed-bound-unimaginable-pain-watching-14474293 | title = Bed-bound and in unimaginable pain, watching my daughter waste away and die from ME was torture | last = Wilkinson | first = Damon | date = 2018-04-01 | website = Manchester Evening News|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sophiaandme.org.uk/legal/l1.jpg | title = Certified Copy of an Entry - Death | last = Mirza | first = Sophia | date = Nov 15, 2005 | website = Sophia and ME| publisher = City and County of Brighton and Hove| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=}}</ref><ref name="LynnGilderdale">{{Cite web | url=https://niceguidelines.blogspot.com/2011/04/lynn-gilderdales-autopsy-showed-dorsal.html | title = Lynn Gilderdale's autopsy showed 'dorsal root ganglionitis' - infected nerve roots, just like Sophia Mirza's | first = Maik | last = Speedy | authorlink = Maik Speedy | date = Apr 16, 2011 | website = [[NICE guidelines]]| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=}}</ref> === Sjogren's syndrome === Thirteen [[Sjögren's syndrome]] patients with [[autonomic dysfunction]] were found to have lymphocytic (T‐cell) infiltration in the dorsal roots and ganglia. Electrophysical studies also found involvement of the dorsal root ganglia.<ref name="Malinow1986">{{Cite journal | last = Malinow | first = K. | last2 = Yannakakis | first2 = G.D. | last3 = Glusman | first3 = S.M. | last4 = Edlow | first4 = D.W. | last5 = Griffin | first5 = J. | last6 = Pestronk | first6 = A. | last7 = Powell | first7 = D.L. | last8 = Ramsey‐Goldman | first8 = R. | last9 = Eidelman | first9 = B.H. | date = 1986 | title = Subacute sensory neuronopathy secondary to dorsal root ganglionitis in primary Sjögren's syndrome | url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.410200416|journal=Annals of Neurology|language=|volume=20|issue=4 | pages = 535–537|doi=10.1002/ana.410200416|issn=1531-8249}}</ref> Antiganglion autoantibodies have been detected in patients with sensory neuronopathy.<ref name="Malinow1986" /> == Chronic pain == Changes in microRNA expression in the dorsal root ganglia are consistently found in pre-clinical [[chronic pain]] patients, leading to clinical trials targetting dorsal root ganglia stimulation as a potential treatment for chronic pain.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Montague-Cardoso | first = Karli | last2 = Malcangio | first2 = Marzia | date = 2020-09-14 | title = The role of microRNAs in neurons and neuroimmune communication in the dorsal root ganglia in chronic pain | url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394020305000|journal=Neuroscience Letters|language=en|volume=735 | pages = 135230|doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135230|issn=0304-3940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Deer | first = Timothy R. | last2 = Grigsby | first2 = Eric | last3 = Weiner | first3 = Richard L. | last4 = Wilcosky | first4 = Bernard | last5 = Kramer | first5 = Jeffery M.| date = 2013 | title = A Prospective Study of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for the Relief of Chronic Pain | url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ner.12013|journal=Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface|language=en|volume=16|issue=1 | pages = 67–72|doi=10.1111/ner.12013|issn=1525-1403}}</ref> == Learn more == * 2006, [[pubmed:16381809|Inflammatory mediators enhance the excitability of chronically compressed dorsal root ganglion neurons.]]<ref name="Ma2006"/> * 2013, dorsal root ganglionitis: Kay Gilderdale writes of her late, severely affected, daughter:<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.talkhealthpartnership.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4600 | title = dorsal root ganglionitis - Kay Gilderdale writes of her late, severely affected, daughter | last = | first = | date = Aug 14, 2013 | website = talkhealthpartnership.com| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=}}</ref> * 2014, Inflammation in dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury: Effects of the sympathetic innervation<ref name="McLachlan2014">{{Cite journal | date = 2014-05-01 | title = Inflammation in dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury: Effects of the sympathetic innervation | url =https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566070213007790|journal=Autonomic Neuroscience | first = Elspeth M. | last = McLachlan | last2 = Ping | first2 = Hu|language=en|volume=182 | pages = 108–117|doi=10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.009|issn=1566-0702}}</ref> * 2015, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Dorsal Root Ganglionitis in a 34 Year Old Male With Occipital Neuralgia Refractory to Medical and Radiofrequency Ablation Therapies: A Clinicopathological Report and Literature Review (P1.293)<ref name="Rathore2015">{{Cite journal | last = Rathore | first = Jaivir | last2 = Slavin | first2 = Konstantin | last3 = Rathore | first3 = Ranvir | last4 = Rakic | first4 = Andrei | last5 = Valyi-Nagy | first5 = Tibor | date = 2015-04-06 | title = Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Dorsal Root Ganglionitis in a 34 Year Old Male With Occipital Neuralgia Refractory to Medical and Radiofrequency Ablation Therapies: A Clinicopathological Report and Literature Review | url =http://n.neurology.org/content/84/14_Supplement/P1.293|journal=Neurology|language=en|volume=84|issue=14 Supplement| pages=P1.293|issn=0028-3878}}</ref> * 2015, Dorsal Root Ganglionitis - infection of inflammation?<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/dorsal-root-ganglionitis-infection-of-inflammation.35142/ | title = Dorsal Root Ganglionitis - infection of inflammation?|work=Phoenix Rising ME / CFS Forums|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-US}}</ref> * [http://eugraph.com/histology/nervous/drgang.html Histology Photomicrographs] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTPqAYqMsFk Shotgun Histology Dorsal Root Ganglion] - Video * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaEKaAHgOus Slide 42 - Dorsal Root Sensory Ganglion] - Video explanation of histology slide == See also == *[[Glial cell]] *[[Lynn Gilderdale]] *[[One Last Goodbye]] - book about Lynn and Kay Gilderdale *[[Merryn Crofts]] *[[Microglia]] *[[Nervous system]] *[[Sophia Mirza]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Body systems]] [[Category:Central nervous system]] [[Category:Neurology]]
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