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Diagnostic biomarker
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== Urine tests == ===Allantoin=== A 2015 metabolic profiling study of female ME/CFS subjects by [[Christopher Armstrong|Armstrong]], et al, showed an increase in [[allantoin]] in the urine collected as a first-void urine sample, i.e., collected upon arising. Allantoin has been considered a reliable indicator of exercise-induced [[Neuroinflammation|oxidative stress]] in humans. Other studies have shown indications of oxidative stress in ME/CFS<ref name="Morris, Mar2014" /> "but this is the first to report of allantoin as a marker and the first to suggest a pathway linking [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] degradation and oxidative stress."<ref name="Armstrong, 2015" /> Obstacle for use: The findings in this published study need to be validated through replication by other studies using a more heterogeneous ME/CFS population.
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