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=== Longevity === Numerous studies of invertebrate model organisms such as [[Drosophilamelanogaster]] and [[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]] have shown colder temperatures increase lifespan.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kelly|first = MA | date = September 2013 | title = Effect of temperature on the rate of ageing: an experimental study of the blowfly Calliphora stygia | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019937/|journal=PLoS One|volume=8|issue =9| pages = e73781|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Voorhies | first = Van | date = 1999 | title = Genetic and environmental conditions that increase longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans decrease metabolic rate | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10500188/|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=96|issue =20 | pages = 11399-403|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Miquel|first = J | date = SepโOct 1976 | title = Effects of temperature on the life span, vitality and fine structure of Drosophila melanogaster |url =|journal=Mech Ageing Dev|volume=5|issue =5 | pages = 347-70|via=}}</ref> Studies of fish and amphibians in both the wild and in laboratory settings have also shown a positive correlation between colder temperature and lifespan.<ref name="Keil2015" /> In the rodent literature, there are several examples of cold increasing lifespan. Mice genetically engineered to have a reduced body temperature of 0.3 degrees to 0.5 degrees C had a greater median life span (12% increase in males; 20% increase in females) than normal mice.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Conti|first = B | date = Nov 2006 | title = Transgenic mice with a reduced core body temperature have an increased life span | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082459/|journal=Science|volume=314|issue =5800 | pages = 825-8|via=}}</ref> Rats exposed to a cool water bath four hours a day lived 10% longer than controls, despite eating 44% more calories.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Holloszy|first = JO | date = November 1986 | title = Longevity of cold-exposed rats: a reevaluation of the "rate-of-living theory" | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3781978|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|volume=61|issue =5 | pages = 1656-60|via=}}</ref> ([[Caloric restriction]], which has been shown to increase lifespan in numerous studies of model organisms, may have its effects via the lowering of body temperature rather than the direct effects of reduced caloric intake. Some studies have shown the effects of caloric restriction may be attenuated in animals raised at higher room temperatures.<ref name="Keil2015" />)
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