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Cryotherapy
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== Health effects == === Immune system === Cryotherapy may improve response to experimental endotoxin exposure. Hypothermic rabbits have a ten times greater resistance to bacterial endotoxins than normal rabbits.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Liu|first = R.K. | date = 1972 | title = The Effect of Lowered Body Temperature on Lifespan and Immune and Non-Immune Processes |url =https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/211944|journal=Gertontology|volume=18 | pages = 363β388|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Rikke | first = Brad | date = 2004 | title = Lower body temperature as a potential mechanism of life extension in homeotherms |url =https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531556504001172|journal=Experimental Gerontology|volume=39 | pages = 1431|via=}}</ref> One study in humans attempted to test the effects of [[Wim Hof]]'s "method" β a combination of mediation, breathing techniques and immersion in cold water to activate the [[sympathetic nervous system]] β in a group of healthy volunteers. As compared to the control group, the treatment group had improved immune response when exposed to [[Escherichia coli|e-coli'']].<ref name="Kox2014">{{Cite journal | last = Kox | first = Matthijs| date = 2014 | title = Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans |url =http://www.pnas.org/content/111/20/7379.full|journal=Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences|volume=111|issue =20 | pages = 7379-7384|via=}}</ref> === Environment === Hypothermic rodents to have a greater resistance to irradiation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Storer | first = John | date = October 1952 | title = Hypothermia and increased survival rate of infant mice irradiated with X-rays |url =https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1952.171.2.341?journalCode=ajplegacy|journal=American Physiological Society|volume = 171 | issue = 2 | pages = 341-348|via=}}</ref> === Longevity === Numerous studies of invertebrate model organisms such as [[Drosophilamelanogaster]] and [[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]] have shown colder temperatures increase lifespan.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kelly|first = MA | date = September 2013 | title = Effect of temperature on the rate of ageing: an experimental study of the blowfly Calliphora stygia | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019937/|journal=PLoS One|volume=8|issue =9| pages = e73781|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Voorhies | first = Van | date = 1999 | title = Genetic and environmental conditions that increase longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans decrease metabolic rate | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10500188/|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=96|issue =20 | pages = 11399-403|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Miquel|first = J | date = SepβOct 1976 | title = Effects of temperature on the life span, vitality and fine structure of Drosophila melanogaster |url =|journal=Mech Ageing Dev|volume=5|issue =5 | pages = 347-70|via=}}</ref> Studies of fish and amphibians in both the wild and in laboratory settings have also shown a positive correlation between colder temperature and lifespan.<ref name="Keil2015" /> In the rodent literature, there are several examples of cold increasing lifespan. Mice genetically engineered to have a reduced body temperature of 0.3 degrees to 0.5 degrees C had a greater median life span (12% increase in males; 20% increase in females) than normal mice.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Conti|first = B | date = Nov 2006 | title = Transgenic mice with a reduced core body temperature have an increased life span | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082459/|journal=Science|volume=314|issue =5800 | pages = 825-8|via=}}</ref> Rats exposed to a cool water bath four hours a day lived 10% longer than controls, despite eating 44% more calories.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Holloszy|first = JO | date = November 1986 | title = Longevity of cold-exposed rats: a reevaluation of the "rate-of-living theory" | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3781978|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|volume=61|issue =5 | pages = 1656-60|via=}}</ref> ([[Caloric restriction]], which has been shown to increase lifespan in numerous studies of model organisms, may have its effects via the lowering of body temperature rather than the direct effects of reduced caloric intake. Some studies have shown the effects of caloric restriction may be attenuated in animals raised at higher room temperatures.<ref name="Keil2015" />)
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