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Coxsackie B virus
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== Types == === Coxsackie B1 === Coxsackievirus B1 has been associated with β-cell autoimmunity leading to Type 1 diabetes, as well as neonatal myocarditis.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Laitinen | first = Olli H. | last2 = Honkanen | first2 = Hanna | last3 = Pakkanen | first3 = Outi | last4 = Oikarinen | first4 = Sami | last5 = Hankaniemi | first5 = Minna M. | last6 = Huhtala | first6 = Heini | last7 = Ruokoranta | first7 = Tanja | last8 = Lecouturier | first8 = Valérie | last9 = André | first9 = Philippe | date = 2014-02-01 | title = Coxsackievirus B1 Is Associated With Induction of β-Cell Autoimmunity That Portends Type 1 Diabetes |url =https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/63/2/446|journal=Diabetes|language=en|volume=63|issue=2 | pages = 446–455|doi=10.2337/db13-0619|issn=0012-1797|pmid=23974921}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Verma | first = Natasha A. | last2 = Zheng | first2 = Xiaotian T. | last3 = Harris | first3 = Michelle U. | last4 = Cadichon | first4 = Sandra B. | last5 = Melin-Aldana | first5 = Hector | last6 = Khetsuriani | first6 = Nino | last7 = Oberste | first7 = M. Steven | last8 = Shulman | first8 = Stanford T. | date = 2009-09-01 | title = Outbreak of Life-Threatening Coxsackievirus B1 Myocarditis in Neonates |url =https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/49/5/759/309109|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=49|issue=5 | pages = 759–763|doi=10.1086/605089|issn=1058-4838}}</ref> CVB1 has also been linked to outbreaks of aseptic meningitis and pleurodynia.<ref name="Enterovirus1970-2005" /> === Coxsackie B2 === Coxsackievirus B2 has been associated with aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, and neonatal systemic illness.<ref name="Enterovirus1970-2005">{{Cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5508a1.htm | title = Enterovirus Surveillance --- United States, 1970--2005 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=2020-10-19}}</ref> === Coxsackie B3 === Coxsackie B3 is found in 20-25% of patients with [[cardiomyopathy]] and [[myocarditis]].<ref name="Jin1990">Jin O, Sole MJ, Butany JW, Chia WK, McLaughlin PR, et al. (1990) Detection of enterovirus RNA in myocardial biopsies from patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy using gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Circulation 82: 8–16.</ref><ref>Bowles NE, Richardson PJ, Olsen EG, Archard LC (1986) Detection of Coxsackie-B-virus-specific RNA sequences in myocardial biopsy samples from patients with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1: 1120–1123.</ref><ref>Martin AB, Webber S, Fricker FJ, Jaffe R, Demmler G, et al. (1994) Acute myocarditis. Rapid diagnosis by PCR in children. Circulation 90: 330–339.</ref><ref name="Jin1990" /> CVB3 has also been associated with aseptic meningitis, neonatal systemic illness, meningoencephalitis in immunodeficient persons, herpangina, and rash illnesses.<ref name="Enterovirus1970-2005" /> === Coxsackie B4 === Coxsackievirus B4 has a cell tropism for [[natural killer cell]]s and pancreatic islet cells.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Dotta | first = Francesco | last2 = Censini | first2 = Stefano | last3 = Halteren | first3 = Astrid G. S. van | last4 = Marselli | first4 = Lorella | last5 = Masini | first5 = Matilde | last6 = Dionisi | first6 = Sabrina | last7 = Mosca | first7 = Franco | last8 = Boggi | first8 = Ugo | last9 = Muda | first9 = Andrea Onetti | date = 2007-03-20 | title = Coxsackie B4 virus infection of β cells and natural killer cell insulitis in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients |url =https://www.pnas.org/content/104/12/5115|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=104|issue=12 | pages = 5115–5120|doi=10.1073/pnas.0700442104|issn=0027-8424|pmid=17360338}}</ref> Associated illnesses include aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myopericarditis, neonatal infections, febrile rash illnesses, and respiratory manifestations.<ref name="Enterovirus1970-2005" /> It has been shown that CVB4 has a higher fatality rate than other enterovirus serotypes.<ref name="Enterovirus1970-2005" /> === Coxsackie B5 === Coxsackievirus B5 is associated with myopericarditis and neonatal systemic illness (encephalomyocarditis syndrome), aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. In a study of CVB5 reports from 1970 to 2005, approximately half of all coxsackievirus B5 detections come from young infants.<ref name="Enterovirus1970-2005" /> === Coxcackie B6 ===
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