Coronavirus disease 19: Difference between revisions

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(alternative names in into, no long called the "novel" coronavirus)
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'''COVID-19''', commonly referred to as '''COVID''' or even '''corona''', is '''coronavirus disease 19''', an infectious respiratory illness caused by the novel (new) [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2), which was discovered in 2019.<ref name="WHO-QA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|title=Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref><ref name="CDC-coronoviruses">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html|title=Human Coronavirus Types|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=|authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-02-27|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Guangdi|author-link=|last2=Clercq|first2=Erik De|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|author-link3=|last4=|first4=|author-link4=|last5=|first5=|author-link5=|last6=|first6=|author-link6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|date=Mar 2020|title=Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00016-0|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=149–150|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|title=Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> 
#REDIRECT [[COVID-19]]
[[File:Covid-19-lung-lesions.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Computer-aided identification of lesions on the lungs of COVID-19 patients.|'''COVID-19 can cause lesions on lungs, and pneumonia.'''<br>Author: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095177920302264 Shen et al. 2020. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis]. Copyright: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0]]{{clear}}
COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019,<ref name="WHO-QA" /> and can infect babies, children, and adults of any age.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=Min|last2=Yuan|first2=Jingping|last3=Liu|first3=Yu|last4=Fu|first4=Tao|last5=Yu|first5=Xue|last6=Zhang|first6=Zhi-Jiang|date=2020-02-14|title=Novel Coronavirus Infection in Hospitalized Infants Under 1 Year of Age in China|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761659|journal=JAMA|language=en|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.2131}}</ref> It spread globally, resulting in the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=David S.|last2=Azhar|first2=Esam I.|last3=Madani|first3=Tariq A.|last4=Ntoumi|first4=Francine|last5=Kock|first5=Richard|last6=Dar|first6=Osman|last7=Ippolito|first7=Giuseppe|last8=Mchugh|first8=Timothy D.|last9=Memish|first9=Ziad A.|date=2020-02-01|title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/abstract|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=English|volume=91|pages=264–266|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009|issn=1201-9712|pmid=31953166}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020|title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref>
 
== Symptoms ==
Symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually, although around 1 in 6 people with COVID-19 need medical help.<ref name="WHO-QA" /> Some people become infected but don't develop any symptoms and don't feel unwell.<ref name="WHO-qa">{{Cite web|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|title=Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> These symptoms may appear 1-14 days after exposure; most commonly around five days.<ref name="WHO-qa" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|last=CDC|date=2020-03-20|author-link=Centers for Disease Control|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
 
=== Common Symptoms ===
* [[fever]]
* [[Fatigue|tiredness]]
* a new and continuous cough, coughing episodes, or a dry [[cough]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/symptoms-and-what-to-do/|title=Symptoms and what to do - Coronavirus (COVID-19)|last=National Health Service|first=|authorlink=National Health Service|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-03-24|website=nhs.uk|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref><ref name="WHO-qa" /><ref name="CDC-symptoms" />
Most patients only have one or two of the common symptoms.<ref name="WHO-qa" /><ref name="Mizumoto">{{Cite journal|last=Mizumoto|first=Kenji|last2=Kagaya|first2=Katsushi|last3=Zarebski|first3=Alexander|last4=Chowell|first4=Gerardo|date=2020-03-12|title=Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020|url=https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180|journal=Eurosurveillance|language=en|volume=25|issue=10|pages=2000180|doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180|issn=1560-7917|pmc=PMC7078829|pmid=32183930}}</ref><ref name="Lan2020" /><ref name="WHO-symptoms">{{Cite web|url= https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/coronavirus|title=Coronavirus|last=World Health Organization|date=2020-04-16||author-link=World Health Organization|website=World Health Organization|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
 
=== Other Symptoms ===
* aches and [[Pain|pains]]
* [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]]
* nasal congestion
* [[sore throat]]
* very few people experience a runny nose, [[nausea]] or [[diarrhea]]<ref name="WHO-qa" /><ref name="WHO-symptoms" />
The World Health Organization that people call their doctor if they experience fever, cough or difficulty breathing.
 
=== Emergency Warning Signs* ===
* difficulty breathing
* [[Chest pain|persistent pain or pressure in the chest]]
* new [[confusion]] or inability to arouse (unresponsive)
* bluish lips or face<ref name="CDC-symptoms" />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>This list is not all inclusive. Consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning.<ref name="CDC-symptoms" />
 
Additionally, there are reports that patients have lost or have a reduced [[changes in sense of smell|sense of smell]], or [[Changes in taste|lost or distorted of taste]], but are otherwise [[#asymptomaticcarriers|asymptomatic]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/22/health/coronavirus-symptoms-smell-taste.html|title=Lost Sense of Smell May Be Peculiar Clue to Coronavirus Infection|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2020-03-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-24|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><blockquote>The American Academy of Otolaryngology on Sunday posted information on its website<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entnet.org/content/coronavirus-disease-2019-resources|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019: Resources|last=American Academy of Otolaryngology|date=2020-03-15|website=American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> saying that mounting anecdotal evidence indicates that lost or reduced [[changes in sense of smell|sense of smell]] and loss of [[changes in taste|sense of taste]] are significant symptoms associated with Covid-19, and that they have been seen in patients who ultimately tested positive with no other symptoms.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote><blockquote>The symptoms, in the absence of allergies or sinusitis, should alert doctors to screen patients for the virus and “warrant serious consideration for self isolation and testing of these individuals,” the academy said.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>
 
===Neurological symptoms===
Mao et al. (2020) reported that 36% of a group of 214 COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals in Wuhan, China, had "neurologic manifestations" of the disease.<ref name="Mao2020">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2764549</ref>
 
Neurological symptoms were:
* [[central nervous system]] symptoms:
**[[dizziness]]
**[[headache]]
**impaired consciousness
**acute cerebrovascular disease
**[[ataxia]]
**[[seizure]]
* peripheral nervous symptoms:
**altered or loss of [[changes in taste|sense of taste]]
**altered or loss of [[changes in sense of smell|sense of smell]]
**[[visual dysfunction|impaired vision]]
**[[neuralgia|nerve pain]]
**skeletal muscular injury manifestations
*impaired or change in consciousness:
**[[somnolence]]
**stupor
**coma
**[[confusion]]
**delirium
 
==<span id="asymptomaticcarriers">Asymptomatic carriers</span>==
[[File:Covid-19-virus.png|thumb|upright=0.4|'''The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19.'''<br>Author: CDC]]
A number of studies have found that some people who test positive for COVID-19 do not have any symptoms of illness or a raised temperature, and have normal blood test results, but are able to infect others, some of whom developed severe COVID-19 [[pneumonia]] as a result of COVID-19.<ref name="Bai2020">{{Cite journal|last=Bai|first=Yan|last2=Yao|first2=Lingsheng|last3=Wei|first3=Tao|last4=Tian|first4=Fei|last5=Jin|first5=Dong-Yan|last6=Chen|first6=Lijuan|last7=Wang|first7=Meiyun|date=2020-02-21|title=Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762028|journal=JAMA|language=en|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.2565}}</ref><ref name="Chan2019">{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Jasper Fuk-Woo|last2=Yuan|first2=Shuofeng|last3=Kok|first3=Kin-Hang|last4=To|first4=Kelvin Kai-Wang|last5=Chu|first5=Hin|last6=Yang|first6=Jin|last7=Xing|first7=Fanfan|last8=Liu|first8=Jieling|last9=Yip|first9=Cyril Chik-Yan|date=2020-02-15|title=A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30154-9/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=395|issue=10223|pages=514–523|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9|issn=0140-6736|pmid=31986261}}</ref><ref name="delRio2020">{{Cite journal|last=del Rio|first=Carlos|author-link=|last2=Malani|first2=Preeti N.|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|author-link3=|last4=|first4=|author-link4=|last5=|first5=|author-link5=|last6=|first6=|author-link6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|date=2020-02-28|title=COVID-19—New Insights on a Rapidly Changing Epidemic|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762510|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.3072|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> Some asymptomatic carriers have abnormal chest CT scans, and some do not. False negative tests have also been reported.<ref name="Bai2020" /><ref name="Chan2019" />
 
Estimates of the number of asymptomatic carriers vary wildly. Mizumoto et al. (2020) estimated that asymptomatic carriers accounted for 17.9% of the COVID-19 positive people on the ''Diamond Princess'' cruise ship, which was quarantined for 14 day after a previous passenger  developed the illness.<ref name="Mizumoto" />
 
==<span id="recovered">Recovered patients testing positive</span>==
Lan et al (2020) identified a group of 4 recovered patients who continued to test positive for COVID-19 after recovery; suggesting that they may still be infectious.<ref name="Lan2020">{{Cite journal|last=Lan|first=Lan|last2=Xu|first2=Dan|last3=Ye|first3=Guangming|last4=Xia|first4=Chen|last5=Wang|first5=Shaokang|last6=Li|first6=Yirong|last7=Xu|first7=Haibo|date=2020-02-27|title=Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered From COVID-19|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762452|journal=JAMA|language=en|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.2783}}</ref> It is not known whether patients who have recovered may be reinfected later, or whether those who later needed treatment actually relapsed, or if recovered patients who later test positive do so because of issues with the diagnostic test's accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/covid-19-reinfection/|title=Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected?|website=Snopes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref> Another study found group of 5 recovered patients were found to have reactivated COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ye|first=Guangming|last2=Pan|first2=Zhenyu|last3=Pan|first3=Yunbao|last4=Deng|first4=Qiaoling|last5=Chen|first5=Liangjun|last6=Li|first6=Jin|last7=Li|first7=Yirong|last8=Wang|first8=Xinghuan|date=2020-03-11|title=Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation|url=https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(20)30114-6/abstract|journal=Journal of Infection|language=English|volume=0|issue=0|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.001|issn=0163-4453|pmid=32171867}}</ref>
 
==ME/CFS==
 
{{Video|id=pkGXiJ1jM14|service=youtube|dimensions=550|description=COVID-19 and ME/CFS - Dr Nancy Klimas, Mar 13, 2020|alignment=left|urlargs=}}
 
{{clear}}
 
====<span id="catchingcovid19">Risk of COVID-19 in patients with ME/CFS</span>====
There is a lack of evidence about ME/CFS patients developing COVID-19 illness; but a number of medical advisors have given their expert opinions on this. Immunologist and [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]] researcher Dr [[Nancy Klimas]] has said she believes people with ME/CFS are at a little higher risk of developing COVID-19 after exposure to the virus;<ref name="Klimas20200313">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkGXiJ1jM14|title=COVID-19 and ME/CFS - Dr Nancy Klimas, Mar 13, 2020|last=Klimas|first=Nancy|date=2020-03-13|work=|access-date=Mar 24, 2020|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|quote=|author-link=Nancy Klimas}}</ref> Dr [[Nigel Speight]], Dr [[William Weir]] and Dr [[Charles Shepherd]] have said they do not think there is an increased risk.<ref name="SpeightWeirMar20" /><ref name="SpeightMar20" /><ref name="MEA16Mar20" /> Dr [[Lucinda Bateman]] has said this is unknown.<ref name="Bateman20200323QA">{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 and ME/CFS/FM Frequently Asked Questions|last=Bateman|first=Lucinda|author-link=Lucinda Bateman|website=Bateman-Horne Center|date=2020-03-23|url=http://www.batemanhornecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID-19-FAQ-Public.pdf}}</ref>Klimas, Speight, Weir, Shepherd and Bateman have all advised ME/CFS patients to take additional precautions, and highlighted that there is a risk of ME/CFS becoming significantly worse after viral infections or after COVID-19.<ref name="Klimas20200313" /><ref name="SpeightWeirMar20" /><ref name="SpeightMar20" /><ref name="MEA16Mar20" /><ref name="Bateman20200323QA" />
   
ME/CFS includes [[:Category:Immune signs and symptoms|immune symptoms]] including a [[sore throat]], [[swollen lymph nodes]], and [[flu-like symptoms]], but patients are generally '''''not''''' considered to be severely immunocompromised, and immunosuppressant medications are unlikely to be used by most ME/CFS patients. <ref name="Klimas20200313" /> <ref name="canadianconsensus">{{Citation
| last1  = Carruthers    | first1 = Bruce M.      | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers
| last2  = Jain          | first2 = Anil Kumar    | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain
| last3  = De Meirleir  | first3 = Kenny L.      | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir
| last4  = Peterson      | first4 = Daniel L.    | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson
| last5  = Klimas        | first5 = Nancy G.      | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas
| last6  = Lerner        | first6 = A. Martin    | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner
| last7  = Bested        | first7 = Alison C.    | authorlink7 = Alison Bested
| last8  = Flor-Henry    | first8 = Pierre        | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry
| last9  = Joshi        | first9 = Pradip        | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi
| last10  = Powles        | first10 = A C Peter    | authorlink10 = A C Peter Powles
| last11  = Sherkey      | first11 = Jeffrey A.  | authorlink11 = Jeffrey Sherkey
| last12  = van de Sande  | first12 = Marjorie I.  | authorlink12 = Marjorie van de Sande
| title  = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols
| journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | page = 7-115
| date    = 2003
| pmid    =
| doi    = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02
| url    = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf
}}</ref><ref name="ICP2011primer">{{citation
| last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers
| last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande
| last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir
| last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas
| last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick
| last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell
| last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines
| last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles
| last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight
| last10 = Vallings | first10= R | authorlink10= Rosamund Vallings
| last11 = Bateman | first11= L | authorlink11= Lucinda Bateman
| last12 = Bell | first12= DS | authorlink12= David Bell
| last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13= N | authorlink13= Nicoletta Carlo-Stella
| last14 = Chia | first14= J | authorlink14= John Chia
| last15 = Darragh | first15= A | authorlink15= Austin Darragh
| last16 = Gerken | first16= A | authorlink16= Anne Gerken
| last17 = Jo | first17= D | authorlink17= Daehyun Jo
| last18 = Lewis | first18= DP | authorlink18= Donald Lewis
| last19 = Light | first19= AR | authorlink19= Alan Light
| last20 = Light | first20= KC | authorlink20= Kathleen Light
| last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21= S | authorlink21= Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
| last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22= J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard
| last23 = Mena | first23= I | authorlink23= Ismael Mena
| last24 = Miwa | first24= K | authorlink24= Kunihisa Miwa
| last25 = Murovska | first25= M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska
| last26 = Stevens | first26= SR | authorlink26= Staci Stevens
| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners
| date = 2012
| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6
| url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf
}}</ref> This means most ME/CFS patients would '''''not''''' be considered to be at very high risk of COVID-19 illness.<ref name="Klimas20200313" />
 
The unproven [[autoimmune hypothesis]] states that a subtype of ME involves autoimmunity, which is an overactive immune system rather than a weakened immune response.<ref name="OMF2018research">{{Cite web|url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/02/28/omf-funded-research-t-cells-molecular-immunology/|title=OMF-funded research: T cells and molecular immunology|last=Open Medicine Foundation|first=|authorlink=Open Medicine Foundation|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=Feb 28, 2018|website=Open Medicine Foundation|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> Evidence for this theory is limited.
 
===Drug related risks===
The following drugs may be used for some ME/CFS symptoms and are a possible concern
* '''<span id="ibuprofen">[[Ibuprofen]]</span>''' - Ibuprofen drugs (Nurofen, Bruprofen, Advil, Midol, Motrin, Motrin) are anti-inflammatories commonly used for cold/flu symptoms and for ME/CFS. There have been some reports that ibuprofen taken for COVID-19 may prolong the illness and increase it's severity. Several countries including the UK and France now recommend that people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 avoid ibuprofen and '''use paracetamol / acetaminophen''' (e.g., Tylenol) instead, although the evidence for this is relatively limited.<ref name="MEA16Mar20" /><ref name="Day20200317">{{Cite journal|last=Day|first=Michael|date=2020-03-17|title=Covid-19: ibuprofen should not be used for managing symptoms, say doctors and scientists|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1086|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=368|doi=10.1136/bmj.m1086|issn=1756-1833|pmid=32184201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/self-isolation-advice/|title=Stay at home advice - Coronavirus (COVID-19)|last=National Health Service|first=|authorlink=National Health Service|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-02-28|website=nhs.uk|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref> There is no suggestion that ibuprofen affects the risk of catching COVID-19.
* '''[[Rituximab]]''' - The MS Society has stated that taking rituximab, which has been used in clinical trials for ME/CFS, may affect the risk of catching COVID-19.<ref name="Covid-19-MS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mssociety.org.uk/about-ms/treatments-and-therapies/disease-modifying-therapies/covid-19-coronavirus-and-ms|title=COVID-19 coronavirus and MS|last=MS Society|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=www.mssociety.org.uk|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://renal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/BAPN-COVID-19-patient-info-for-HD.PD_.Immunosuppression-17March20.pdf|title=Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated illness (COVID-19) {{!}} Information and Guidance for Children on Haemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis and Immune suppression (including Renal Transplants)|last=Renal Association|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-03-17|website=renal.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>
* '''[[Ampligen]]''' - Ampligen or ''rintatolimod'' is sometimes used by ME/CFS patients, it is an [[antiviral]] immunostimulant rather than immunosuppressing drug, and is being tested for the treatment of COVID-19 illness in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001203|title=Rintatolimod - AIM ImmunoTech - AdisInsight|website=adisinsight.springer.com|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref> There is no information about whether it may help prevent COVID-19 in ME/CFS patients.
*'''[[Fludrocortisone]]''', a [[corticosteroid]] (steroid) - brand names include Florinef. This may be used by patients with [[POTS]], which is common in ME/CFS patients.<ref name="Fludrocortisone-Drugbank">https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00687</ref >
* Other '''[[corticosteroid]]s''' (steroids) if they could suppress the immune system.<ref name="UKgov-vulnerable">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults|website=gov.uk|access-date=2020-04-06|title=COVID-19 guidance on social distancing and for vulnerable people|last=Public Health England}}</ref>
* Any other '''immunosuppressant drugs or therapies''', including chemotherapy treatments and certain targeted cancer treatments<ref name="UKgov-vulnerable" /><ref name="UKgov-extremelyvulnerable">{{Cite web|title=Guidance on shielding and protecting extremely vulnerable people from COVID-19|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-on-shielding-and-protecting-extremely-vulnerable-persons-from-covid-19/guidance-on-shielding-and-protecting-extremely-vulnerable-persons-from-covid-19|website=gov.uk|access-date=2020-04-06|last=Public Health England}}</ref >
{{Quote box|I have now reached the conclusion that people with pre-existing health conditions that make them more vulnerable to lung complications (which may or may not be the case with ME/CFS – at this stage we just don’t know), or have a condition like ME/CFS where an infection such as this will almost certainly cause a relapse, or significant exacerbation of symptoms, need to be doing far more to protect themselves, and to socially distance themselves from other people, than official NHS guidance indicates.
 
In particular, for those who are not housebound, this applies to social mobility and what you can do (and cannot do) if you decide to leave your home.<ref name="MEA16Mar20"/>|author=[[Charles Shepherd]], ME Association|date=Mar 16, 2020|title=Advice from the UK's ME Association}}
 
====<span id="deathrisk">Risk of death or serious complications in ME/CFS patients</span>====
{{Quote box|Although ME is a "chronic condition" my gut feeling is that they are not actually at greater risk of dying from the virus itself than healthy people. The conditions which put people at extra risk would be things like severe asthma or COPD, or immunosuppressed people eg those on chemotherapy for cancer.
 
The biggest worry therefore for ME sufferers is that catching the virus will make their ME much worse, and of course people in the 25% group do not have much leeway.
 
It might even be that worsening of their already severe ME could be a bigger threat to life than the virus itself.<ref name="SpeightMar20" />|author=[[Nigel Speight]]|date=Mar 2020|title=25% ME Group for Severe ME}}
 
====<span id="triggerforME">Risk of developing ME/CFS after COVID-19</span>====
ME/CFS has been linked to many different viruses, but it is not known what the likelihood is of developing ME/CFS after COVID-19 illness.
{{See also|Postviral fatigue syndrome}}
 
===<span id="medicaladvisors">ME/CFS charity medical advisors' COVID-19 statements</span>===
*Mar 30, 2020, ME Association, [https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2020/03/me-association-full-guidance-coronavirus-and-me-cfs-by-dr-charles-shepherd-30-march-2020/ ME Association full guidance: Coronavirus and ME/CFS by Dr Charles Shepherd]<ref name="MEA30Mar20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2020/03/me-association-full-guidance-coronavirus-and-me-cfs-by-dr-charles-shepherd-30-march-2020/|title=ME Association full guidance: Coronavirus and ME/CFS by Dr Charles Shepherd {{!}} 30 March 2020|last=Shepherd|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Shepherd|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-04-06|website=ME Association|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref>
*Mar 23 2020, Bateman Horne Center, [http://www.batemanhornecenter.org/covid19 COVID-19 resources]
*Mar 17, 2020, ME Association, [https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-latest-government-advice-and-what-it-means-for-people-with-me-cfs-17-march-2020/ Coronavirus Covid-19: Latest Government advice and what it means for people with ME/CFS]<ref name="MEA17Mar20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-latest-government-advice-and-what-it-means-for-people-with-me-cfs-17-march-2020/|title=Coronavirus Covid-19: Latest Government advice and what it means for people with ME/CFS {{!}} 17 March 2020|last=Shepherd|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Shepherd|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-03-17|website=ME Association|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>
*Mar 16, 2020, ME Association, [https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2020/03/me-association-guidance-coronavirus-covid-19-and-me-cfs-by-dr-charles-shepherd-16-march-2020/ ME Association Guidance: Coronavirus and ME/CFS by Dr Charles Shepherd]<ref name="MEA16Mar20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2020/03/me-association-guidance-coronavirus-covid-19-and-me-cfs-by-dr-charles-shepherd-16-march-2020/|title=ME Association Guidance: Coronavirus and ME/CFS by Dr Charles Shepherd {{!}} 16 March 2020|last=Shepherd|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Shepherd|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-03-16|website=ME Association|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>
*Mar 2020, 25% ME Group, [https://25megroup.org/download/1796/?v=3236 re Coronavirus and members of the 25% ME Group, Severe ME charity | Message from Dr Willy Weir and Dr Nigel Speight, Medical Advisor to 25% ME Group | Update to the advice given on 29 February 2020],<ref name="SpeightWeirMar20">{{Cite web|url=https://25megroup.org/download/1796/?v=3236|author-link=Nigel Speight|last=Speight|first=Nigel||last2=Weir|first2=William|author-link2=William Weir|title=re Coronavirus and members of the 25% ME Group, Severe ME charity {{!}} Message from Dr Willy Weir and Dr Nigel Speight, Medical Advisor to 25% ME Group {{!}} Update to the advice given on 29 February 2020 |date=Mar 2020|website=25megroup.org}}</ref>
*Mar 2020, 25% ME Group, [https://25megroup.org/download/1796/?v=3226 re Coronavirus and members of the 25% ME Group, Severe ME charity Types | Message from Dr Nigel Speight, Medical Advisor to 25% ME Group]<ref name="SpeightMar20">{{Cite web|url=https://25megroup.org/download/1796/?v=3226|author-link=Nigel Speight|last=Speight|first=Nigel|title=re Coronavirus and members of the 25% ME Group, Severe ME charity Types {{!}} Message from Dr Nigel Speight, Medical Advisor to 25% ME Group|date=Mar 2020|website=25megroup.org|others=[[William Weir]]}}</ref>
 
===Research on ME/CFS and COVID-19===
COVID-19 is a new illness and research on the effects on ME/CFS patients has not been published yet. Patient surveys in progress include:
*[https://www.zorgvolg.nl/mecvscor.php Corona ME/CFS study] - [[ME/CVS-Stichting Nederland]] - in Dutch
:A Dutch patient organization survey to assess if the risk of contracting COVID-19 is higher for those with ME/CFS, and if symptoms are more severe in ME/CFS patients.<ref name="EMEA-q12020">http://europeanmealliance.org/news-Q12020-001.shtml?</ref><ref name="MECVS-survey-23Mar2020">https://mecvs.nl/nieuws/persbericht-covid-19-onder-me-cvs-patienten/</ref > The [[European ME Alliance]] is suggesting that non-Dutch speakers use an online translation tool to complete it.<ref name="EMEA-q12020"/>
 
==Prevention==
[[File:CDC-Coronavirus-badge-300.png|thumb|upright=1|left|Image author: CDC|alt=image of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|link=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html]]
<br style="clear:both;line-height:0">
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is an ''enveloped virus'', which means it is easier to kill outside the body than ''non-enveloped'' viruses like [[Coxsackievirus]], or [[Poliovirus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/coronavirus-cases-trigger-epa-rapid-response|title=Coronavirus Cases Trigger EPA Rapid Response|last=US Environmental Protection Agency|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-01-29|website=US EPA|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Firquet|first=Swan|author-link=|last2=Beaujard|first2=Sophie|author-link2=|last3=Lobert|first3=Pierre-Emmanuel|author-link3=|last4=Sané|first4=Famara|author-link4=|last5=Caloone|first5=Delphine|author-link5=|last6=Izard|first6=Daniel|author-link6=|last7=Hober|first7=Didier|last8=|first8=|date=June 2015|title=Survival of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses on Inanimate Surfaces|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462923/|journal=Microbes and Environments|volume=30|issue=2|pages=140–144|doi=10.1264/jsme2.ME14145|issn=1342-6311|pmc=4462923|pmid=25843687|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
*[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/get-your-household-ready-for-COVID-19.html Get your Household Ready for COVID-19] - CDC
*[https://www.americanchemistry.com/Novel-Coronavirus-Fighting-Products-List.pdf Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)-Fighting Products] - Center for Biocide Chemistries
*[https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-information-on-social-distancing.pdf Social distancing - Department of Health, Australia]
 
==== CDC advice ====
* Know How it Spreads
* Clean your hands often
* Avoid close contact
* Stay home if you're sick (may have the virus)
* Cover coughs and sneezes
* Wear a face mask if you are sick (may have the virus)
* Clean and disinfect
<i><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">{{MediaWiki:Seealso/{{{lang|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}}}}{{colon}}
[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html Coronavirus disease 19 Prevention - CDC]</div></i>
 
===<span id="high-touch">High touch surfaces: disinfect daily</span>===
[[File:High-touch surfaces-CDC-covid-19.png|alt=High-touch surfaces: disinfect daily. Tables, doorknobs, light switches, countertops, handles, desks, phones  keyboards, remote controls, toilets, faucets, sinks, hard-backed chairs. Source: Coronavirus disease 19 Prevention - CDC, March 2020. Public domain image.|thumb|upright=0.7]]<br style="line-height:0" />
The CDC currently recommends people '''clean''' AND '''disinfect''' frequently touched surfaces daily:
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*tables
*doorknobs
*light switches
*countertops
*handles
*desks
*phones
*keyboards
*remote controls
*toilets
*faucets
*sinks
*hard-backed chairs<ref name="CDC-prevention" /><ref name="CDC-suspectedcases">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/cleaning-disinfection.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection Recommendations|last=CDC|first=|authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-02-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>
</div><br style="clear:both; line-height:0" />
:'''To clean use:'''
*Detergent or soap and water prior to disinfection. <ref name="CDC-prevention" />
:'''To disinfect use:'''
*[https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2 '''Disinfectants used against SARS-CoV-2'''] (list)
*'''Most common EPA-registered household disinfectants''' will work, or
* '''Diluted household bleach''' (mix: 5 tablespoons bleach per gallon of water, OR 4 teaspoons bleach per quart of water), or
*'''Alcohol solutions''' with at least 70% alcohol
:Follow manufacturer’s instructions for application and ''proper ventilation''. Check the product is not past its expiration date. ''(Updated Mar 18, 2020)''<ref name="CDC-prevention">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Prevention & Treatment|last=CDC|first=|authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-03-16|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>
 
:'''Check for updates:'''
* [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html Coronavirus disease 19 Prevention - CDC]
 
'''Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases:'''<br />If possible the '''sick person''' should also clean:
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*soiled items and surfaces (as needed)
*if a separate bathroom is not available, the bathroom should be cleaned and disinfected after each use by an ill person
*provide personal cleaning and disinfectant supplies in ill person's room (unless unsafe, e.g. they are a young child) - include tissues, paper towels, cleaners and EPA-registered disinfectants<ref name="CDC-prevention" /><ref name="CDC-suspectedcases" /></div>
 
===Coronavirus transmission from surfaces===
The new coronavirus can survive on different surfaces for hours or days:
*small, airborne virus particles (aerosols) - 3 hours
*copper - 4 hours
*cardboard - 24 hours
*stainless steel - 2 to 3 days
*plastic - 2 to 3 days<ref name="stablesurfacesPRMar20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-coronavirus-stable-hours-surfaces|title=New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces|last=National Institutes of Health|first=|authorlink=National Institutes of Health|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-03-17|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Tellier2006">{{Cite journal|last=Tellier|first=Raymond|author-link=|last2=|first2=|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|author-link3=|last4=|first4=|author-link4=|last5=|first5=|author-link5=|last6=|first6=|author-link6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|date=Nov 2006|title=Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372341/|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=11|pages=1657–1662|doi=10.3201/eid1211.060426|issn=1080-6040|pmc=3372341|pmid=17283614|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
 
This means direct contact with an infected person is not needed to contact the illness.<ref name="stablesurfacesPRMar20" /> Surgical [[#facemasks|face masks]] have not been effective against aerosols in previous influenza outbreaks like swine flu, but N95 respirators have been effective.<ref name="Tellier2006" />
 
==<span id="someoneissick">Disinfecting your home if someone is sick</span>==
 
The following is an abbreviated bullet-point list from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) article [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/disinfecting-your-home.html "Everyday Steps and Extra Steps When Someone Is Sick"]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/disinfecting-your-home.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref>
 
 
'''Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases:'''<br />
*'''Clean''' AND '''disinfect''' all [[#High-touch|high-touch]] areas daily.
 
 
If possible the '''sick person''' should also clean:
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
*soiled items and surfaces (as needed)
*if a separate bathroom is not available, the bathroom should be cleaned and disinfected after each use by an ill person
*provide personal cleaning and disinfectant supplies in ill person's room (unless unsafe, e.g. they are a young child) - include tissues, paper towels, cleaners and EPA-registered disinfectants<ref name="CDC-prevention" /><ref name="CDC-suspectedcases" /><ref name="CDCDisinfectYourHome">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/disinfecting-your-home.html</ref></div>
 
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-searchable" style="padding:0">Take additional steps covering '''soft surfaces, food, laundry, and trash''' as described{{colon}}
*[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/disinfecting-your-home.html Disinfecting your home if someone is sick - CDC]
 
==<span id="sari">COVID-19 pneumonia</span>==
'''Severe Acute Respiratory Infection''' (SARI) is a type of pneumonia caused by COVID-19 which develops in severely ill COVID-19 patients.<ref name="vitCtrial">{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04264533|title=Vitamin C Infusion for the Treatment of Severe 2019-nCoV Infected Pneumonia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> A clinical trial is in progress to determine if intravenous [[vitamin C]] is an effective treatment for SARI.<ref name="vitCtrial" />
 
==<span id="ards">Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</span>==
ARDS is another complication of severe COVID-19, and may develop after 5-8 days of illness, along with pneumonitis and shortness of breath.<ref name="Jiang2020">{{Cite journal|url=http://techscience.com/cmc/v63n1/38464|title=Towards an Artificial Intelligence Framework for Data-Driven  Prediction of Coronavirus Clinical Severity|last=Jiang|first=X|authorlink=|last2=Coffee|first2=M|authorlink2=|date=2020|website=|pages=537-551|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-04-01|last3=Bari|first3=A|last4=Wang|first4=J|last5=Jiang|first5=X|last6=Huang|first6=J|last7=Shi|first7=J|last8=Dai|first8=J|last9=Cai|first9=J|last10=Zhang|first10=T|last11=Wu|first11=Z|last12=He|first12=G|last13=Huang|last14=Y|volume=63|issue=1|journal=CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua}}</ref> ARDS is a life-threatening condition that involves the patient's lungs becoming inflamed, and being unable to produce enough oxygen for the body's vital organs.<ref name="ARDS-NHS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/|title=Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)|last=National Health Service|first=|authorlink=National Health Service|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2017-10-17|website=nhs.uk|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref>
 
==Myth, Hoaxes, Scams and Fake News==
Many myths, hoaxes and fake news have been spreading, particularly on social media, some of which claim to be from doctors or health professionals.<ref name="WHOmyths">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters|title=Coronavirus 2019 {{!}} Myth busters|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref name="BuzzfeedHoax3Mar20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/coronavirus-disinformation-spread|title=Here Are Some Of The Coronavirus Hoaxes That Spread In The First Few Weeks|website=BuzzFeed News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref> Scam include seeking fake cures or ineffective protective equipment like masks, scammers pretending to be from the World Health Organization asking for donations, or a stranger asking for money on behalf of a relative's medical bills.<ref name="FTC-scams">{{Cite web|url=https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/features/coronavirus-scams-what-ftc-doing|title=Coronavirus Scams: What the FTC is doing|last=FTC|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=2020-03-06|website=Consumer Information|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref name="WHO-cybersecurity">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/about/communications/cyber-security|title=Communications {{!}} Cybersecurity|last=World Health Organization|first=|authorlink=World Health Organization|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>
 
*[https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters] - World Health Organization
*Mar 3, 2020 - [https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/coronavirus-disinformation-spread Here Are Some Of The Coronavirus Hoaxes That Spread In The First Few Weeks] - Buzzfeed News
*Mar 2020 - [https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/heres-a-running-list-of-the-latest-disinformation Here's A Running List Of The Latest Hoaxes Spreading About The Coronavirus] - Buzzfeed News
*[https://www.who.int/about/communications/cyber-security Cybersecurity - World Health Organization]
*[https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/features/coronavirus-scams-what-ftc-doing Coronavirus scams - What the FTC os doing]
 
==Posters for those self-isolating to avoid infection==
*[https://chronicallyawesome.org.uk/posters-for-those-who-are-self-isolating-as-a-preventative-measure/? Unofficial posters] stating where people should leave deliveries - Chronically Awesome
 
==Mental health ==
Anxiety around COVID-19 illness may cause anxiety or affect mental health.
*[https://www.nami.org/getattachment/About-NAMI/NAMI-News/2020/NAMI-Updates-on-the-Coronavirus/COVID-19-Updated-Guide-1.pdf?lang=en-US COVID-19 Guide - National Association of Mental Illness]
*[https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/coping-with-stress.pdf?sfvrsn=9845bc3a_2 Coping with stress during the nCov-2019 outbreak (poster)] - World Health Organization
 
==News articles and blogs==
* Feb 29, 2020 -  [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/29/health/coronavirus-reinfection.html They Recovered From the Coronavirus. Were They Infected Again?] - NY Times
*Mar 1, 2020, [http://www.investinme.org//IIMER-Newslet-20-0301covid.shtml COVID-19 and ME] - [[Invest in ME Research]] Newsletter
*Mar 14, 2020, [https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/14/health/coronavirus-covid-19-flu-comparison-frieden-analysis/index.html Former CDC director: Covid-19 is different from flu and we must respond differently, Dr. Tom Frieden] - CNN
*Apr 2, 2020, [http://simmaronresearch.com/2020/04/will-covid-19-leave-an-explosion-of-me-cfs-cases-in-its-wake/? Will COVID-19 leave an explosion of ME/CFS cases in its wake?] - blog by Cort Johnson
*Apr 8, 2020, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-greece-cases-deaths-flatten-curve-update-a9455436.html Coronavirus: How Greece managed to flatten the curve] - The Independent
 
==Learn more==
'''Government Health Organizations'''
*[https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) - World Health Organization]
*[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) - CDC]
*[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/ Coronavirus (COVID-19) - NHS]
*[https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations] - only for when soap and water is not available
*[https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public Protect yourself: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) - World Health Organization]
*[https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19) - World Health Organization]
'''ME/CFS Organizations'''
*[http://batemanhornecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Medical-Care-Considerations-Letter-Final.pdf Useful medical information when treating COVID-19 in patients with underlying myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and severe fibromyalgia (FM)] - Dr Lucinda Bateman, Bateman Horne Center
*[https://www.meaction.net/covid-19/ COVID-19 Resources for People with ME - #MEAction]
*[https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2020/03/me-association-guidance-coronavirus-covid-19-update-09-march-2020/ ME Association Guidance: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update | 09 March 2020] - The ME Association
'''Johns Hopkins University Global Cases Map'''
* [https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 Desktop]
* [https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/85320e2ea5424dfaaa75ae62e5c06e61 Mobile]
 
==See also ==
*[[Post-COVID-19 illness]]
*[[Postviral fatigue syndrome]] (PVFS)
*[[Myalgic encephalomyelitis]]
*[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)
*[[Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome]]
*[[:Category:Disinfectants|Disinfectants Category]]
 
==References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Infectious diseases]]

Latest revision as of 19:12, September 22, 2020

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