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Collagen
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=== Sex hormones === Several animal studies of collagen in muscle and the aorta have found that [[estrogen]] decreases and [[testosterone]] increases collagen and elastin.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Fischer | first = G.M. | last2 = Swain | first2 = M.L. | date = 1977-06-01 | title = Effect of sex hormones on blood pressure and vascular connective tissue in castrated and noncastrated male rats |url =https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpheart.1977.232.6.H617 | journal = American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology|volume=232 | issue = 6| pages=H617βH621|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.1977.232.6.H617|issn=0363-6135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Cembrano|first = JosΓ | last2 = Lillo | first2 = Manuel | last3 = Val | first3 = JosΓ | last4 = Mardones | first4 = Jorge | date = 1960-05-01 | title = Influence of Sex Difference and Hormones on Elastine and Collagen in the Aorta of Chickens |url =http://insights.ovid.com/ | journal = Circulation Research|language=ENGLISH|volume=8 | issue = 3 | pages = 527β529|issn=0009-7330|pmid=13808759}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Fischer | first = Grace M. | last2 = Swain | first2 = Margaret L. | date = 1980-08-01 | title = Influence of contraceptive and other sex steroids on aortic collagen and elastin | url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0014480080900039 | journal = Experimental and Molecular Pathology|volume=33 | issue = 1 | pages = 15β24|doi=10.1016/0014-4800(80)90003-9|issn=0014-4800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Fischer | first = G.M. | last2 = Swain | first2 = M.L. | date = 1985-02-01 | title = Effects of estradiol and progesterone on the increased synthesis of collagen in atherosclerotic rabbit aortas |url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021915085901777 | journal = Atherosclerosis|volume=54 | issue = 2 | pages = 177β185|doi=10.1016/0021-9150(85)90177-7|issn=0021-9150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Fischer | first = Grace M. | date = 1972-11-01 | title = In Vivo EflEects of Estradiol on Collagen and Elastin Dynamics in Rat Aorta | url = https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/91/5/1227/2621144 | journal = Endocrinology|language=en|volume=91 | issue = 5 | pages = 1227β1232|doi=10.1210/endo-91-5-1227|issn=0013-7227}}</ref> A study of collagen in male cattle found that collagen synthesis increased with puberty, possibly as a result of testosterone.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Cross | first = H.R. | last2 = Schanbacher | first2 = B.D. | last3 = Crouse | first3 = J.D. | date = 1984-01-01 | title = Sex, age and breed related changes in bovine testosterone and intramuscular collagen | url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0309174084900214 | journal = Meat Science|volume=10 | issue = 3 | pages = 187β195|doi=10.1016/0309-1740(84)90021-4|issn=0309-1740}}</ref> Another, that intramuscular collagen was higher in bulls than in steers (castrated cattle).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Judge | first = M.D. | last2 = Diekman | first2 = M.A. | last3 = Lemenager | first3 = R.P. | last4 = Aberle | first4 = E.D. | last5 = Jones | first5 = S.J. | last6 = Gerrard | first6 = D.E. | date = 1987-11-01 | title = Collagen Stability, Testosterone Secretion and Meat Tenderness in Growing Bulls and Steers |url =https://academic.oup.com/jas/article/65/5/1236/4662470 | journal = Journal of Animal Science|language=en|volume=65 | issue = 5 | pages = 1236β1242|doi=10.2527/jas1987.6551236x|issn=0021-8812}}</ref> An ''in vitro'' study of rat cartilage cells found that testosterone stimulated collagen synthesis, but only in male cells.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Boyan | first = B.D. | last2 = Soskolne | first2 = W.A. | last3 = Brooks | first3 = B.P. | last4 = Ornoy | first4 = A. | last5 = Nasatzky | first5 = E. | last6 = Schwartz | first6 = Z. | date = 1994-04-01 | title = Gender-specific, maturation-dependent effects of testosterone on chondrocytes in culture | url =https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/134/4/1640/3035468 | journal = Endocrinology|language=en|volume=134 | issue = 4 | pages = 1640β1647|doi=10.1210/endo.134.4.8137726|issn=0013-7227}}</ref>
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