Caffeine: Difference between revisions
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'''Caffeine''' is a central nervous system stimulant and the active ingredient in [[coffee]].<ref name="Medlineplus">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/caffeine.html|title=Caffeine|last=|first=| | '''Caffeine''' is a central nervous system stimulant and the active ingredient in [[coffee]].<ref name="Medlineplus">{{Cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/caffeine.html | title = Caffeine | last = | first = | author-link = | date = | website = MedlinePlus|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | access-date = 2022-05-23}}</ref><ref name="WebMD">{{Cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-979/caffeine | title = CAFFEINE: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews | last = | first = | author-link = | date = | website = WebMD|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | access-date = 2022-05-23}}</ref><ref name="Mayo">{{Cite web | url = https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678 | title = Caffeine: How much is too much? | website = Mayo Clinic|language=en | access-date = 2022-05-23}}</ref> For most healthy people, it is not harmful to consume up to 400mg of caffeine a day.<ref name="Mayo" /><ref name="FDA" /> | ||
==Uses== | ==Uses== | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
* other [[amino acid]]s or natural stimulants<ref name="Clauson2008" /> | * other [[amino acid]]s or natural stimulants<ref name="Clauson2008" /> | ||
Energy drink brands include such as Spike Shooter, Pimp Juice, Red Bull, and Cocaine. <ref name="Clauson2008">{{Cite journal|title=Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks|date=2008-05-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544319115312097|journal=Journal of the American Pharmacists Association|volume=48|issue=3|pages=e55–e67|last=Clauson|first=Kevin A.|last2=Shields|first2=Kelly M.|last3=McQueen|first3=Cydney E.|last4=Persad|first4=Nikki|language=en|doi=10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055|issn=1544-3191}}</ref> | Energy drink brands include such as Spike Shooter, Pimp Juice, Red Bull, and Cocaine. <ref name="Clauson2008">{{Cite journal | title = Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks | date = 2008-05-01 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544319115312097 | journal = Journal of the American Pharmacists Association | volume = 48 | issue = 3| pages = e55–e67 | last = Clauson | first = Kevin A. | last2 = Shields | first2 = Kelly M. | last3 = McQueen | first3 = Cydney E. | last4 = Persad | first4 = Nikki|language=en|doi=10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055|issn=1544-3191}}</ref> | ||
===Caffeine powder=== | ===Caffeine powder=== | ||
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===ME/CFS === | ===ME/CFS === | ||
Many people with ME/CFS use caffeine to improve mental alertness or [[concentration]] or to reduce [[fatigue]] in the short term, but the 2014 [[International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] primer cautions against excessive usage due to the risk of [[tachycardia]] and [[agitation]].<ref name="Primer2014">{{Citation|date=2014|url=https://www.massmecfs.org/images/pdf/Primer_2014.pdf|title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Primer for Clinical Practitioners| last1 | Many people with ME/CFS use caffeine to improve mental alertness or [[concentration]] or to reduce [[fatigue]] in the short term, but the 2014 [[International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] primer cautions against excessive usage due to the risk of [[tachycardia]] and [[agitation]].<ref name="Primer2014">{{Citation | date = 2014 | url=https://www.massmecfs.org/images/pdf/Primer_2014.pdf | title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Primer for Clinical Practitioners | last1 = ((International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis)) | author-link = International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | last2 = Friedberg | first2 = Fred | author-link2 = Fred Friedberg | last3 = Bateman | first3 = Lucinda| author-link3 = Lucinda Bateman | last4 = Bested | first4 = Alison C | author-link4 = Alison Bested | last5 =Davenport | first5 = Todd | author-link5 = Todd Davenport | last6 = Friedman | first6 = Kenneth J | author-link6 = Kenneth Friedman | last7 = Gurwitt | first7 = Alan R | author-link8 = Alan Gurwitt | last8 = Jason | first8 = Leonard A | author-link8 = Leonard Jason | last9 = Lapp | first9 = Charles W | author-link9 = Charles Lapp | last10 = Stevens | first10 = Staci R | author-link10 = Staci Stevens | last11 = Underhill | first11 = Rosemary A | author-link11 = Rosemary Underhill | last12 = Vallings | first12 = Rosamund | author-link12 = Rosamund Vallings|location=Chicago, USA| publisher = International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis}}</ref> Consuming caffeine in the afternoon or evening is also advised against for ME/CFS patients due to the likelihood of it causing or contributing to [[insomnia]].<ref name="Primer2014"/> Adolescents and children with ME/CFS are advised to limit the use of caffeine for concentration/attention to times when it is particularly important, such as for exams, and to be aware of the caffeine found in energy drinks.<ref name="Rowe, et al, 2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rowe | first1 = Peter C. | author-link1 = Peter Rowe | last2 = Underhill | first2 = Rosemary A. | author-link2 = Rosemary Underhill | last3 = Friedman | first3 = Kenneth J. | author-link3 = Kenneth Friedman | last4 = Gurwitt | first4 = Alan | author-link4 = Alan Gurwitt | last5 = Medow | first5 = Marvin S. | author-link5 = Marvin Medow | last6 = Schwartz | first6 = Malcolm S. | author-link6 = Malcolm Schwartz | last7 = Speight | first7 = Nigel | author-link8 = Nigel Speight | last8 = Stewart | first8 = Julian M. | author-link8 = Julian Stewart | last9 = Vallings | first9 = Rosamund | author-link9 = Rosamund Vallings | last10 = Rowe | first10 = Katherine S. | author-link10 = Katherine Rowe| title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer| journal = Frontiers in Pediatrics | volume = 5 | issue = | pages =121 | date = 2017| doi =10.3389/fped.2017.00121}}</ref> | ||
</ref> Consuming caffeine in the afternoon or evening is also advised against for ME/CFS patients due to the likelihood of it causing or contributing to [[insomnia]].<ref name="Primer2014"/> Adolescents and children with ME/CFS are advised to limit the use of caffeine for concentration/attention to times when it is particularly important, such as for exams, and to be aware of the caffeine found in energy drinks.<ref name="Rowe, et al, 2017">{{Cite journal | last1 | |||
==Risks and side effects== | ==Risks and side effects== | ||
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===High doses === | ===High doses === | ||
Large doses of caffeine can cause serious adverse reactions, including even fatalities resulting from excessive consumption, especially in the form of [[#Energy_drinks|"energy" drinks]] or [[#Caffeine_powder|caffeine powder]].<ref name="FDA">{{Cite web|title=Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much?|date=2021-12-02|url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much|last=Office of the Commissioner|first=|author-link=|language=en|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|access-date=2022-05-23|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Clauson2008" /><ref name="Calabro2016">{{Cite book|title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse|date=2016|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012800634400072X|volume=3|pages=723–732|last=Calabrò|first=Rocco S.|author-link=|last2=Naro|first2=Antonino|author-link2=|last3=Bramanti|first3=Placido|author-link3=|isbn=978-0-12-800634-4|chapter=Chapter 72 - Caffeine and Taurine and Energy Drink Abuse|language=en|location=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press|editor-last=Preedy|editor-first=Victor R.|doi=|quote=|edition=|url=|editor1-link=|editor-last2=|editor-first2=|editor2-link=|veditors=|others=}}</ref><ref name="WebMD" /><ref name="Mayo" /> | Large doses of caffeine can cause serious adverse reactions, including even fatalities resulting from excessive consumption, especially in the form of [[#Energy_drinks|"energy" drinks]] or [[#Caffeine_powder|caffeine powder]].<ref name="FDA">{{Cite web | title = Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much? | date = 2021-12-02 | url = https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much | last = Office of the Commissioner | first = | author-link = |language=en| publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]] | access-date = 2022-05-23|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Clauson2008" /><ref name="Calabro2016">{{Cite book | title = Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse | date = 2016 | chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012800634400072X | volume = 3 | pages = 723–732 | last = Calabrò| first = Rocco S. | author-link = | last2 = Naro | first2 = Antonino | author-link2 = | last3 = Bramanti | first3 = Placido | author-link3 = |isbn=978-0-12-800634-4|chapter=Chapter 72 - Caffeine and Taurine and Energy Drink Abuse|language=en|location=San Diego| publisher = Academic Press|editor-last = Preedy|editor-first = Victor R.|doi=|quote=|edition=|url=| editor1-link = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = | editor2-link = |veditors=|others=}}</ref><ref name="WebMD" /><ref name="Mayo" /> | ||
Caffeine is mildly addictive, but other substances found in energy drinks are more addictive.<ref name="Calabro2016" /> Caffeine withdrawal is not considered dangerous. | Caffeine is mildly addictive, but other substances found in energy drinks are more addictive.<ref name="Calabro2016" /> Caffeine withdrawal is not considered dangerous. | ||
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==Notable studies == | ==Notable studies == | ||
*2015, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration may not be depressed in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Patrick2015">{{Cite journal|title=Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration may not be depressed in chronic fatigue syndrome|date=2015-04-03|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2015.1024004|journal=Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior|volume=3|issue=2|pages=122–125|last=Patrick|first=David M.|last2=Miller|first2=Ruth R.|last3=Steiner|first3=Theodore|last4=Gardy|first4=Jennifer L.|last5=Parker|first5=Shoshana M.|last6=Tang|first6=Patrick|doi=10.1080/21641846.2015.1024004|issn=2164-1846}}</ref> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2015.1024004 (Abstract)] | *2015, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration may not be depressed in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Patrick2015">{{Cite journal | title = Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration may not be depressed in chronic fatigue syndrome | date = 2015-04-03 | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2015.1024004|journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 122–125 | last = Patrick | first = David M. | last2 = Miller | first2 = Ruth R. | last3 = Steiner | first3 = Theodore | last4 = Gardy | first4 = Jennifer L. | last5 = Parker | first5 = Shoshana M. | last6 = Tang | first6 = Patrick|doi=10.1080/21641846.2015.1024004|issn=2164-1846}}</ref> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2015.1024004 (Abstract)] | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Latest revision as of 13:28, April 3, 2023
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant and the active ingredient in coffee.[1][2][3] For most healthy people, it is not harmful to consume up to 400mg of caffeine a day.[3][4]
Uses[edit | edit source]
Caffeine occurs naturally in coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate, guarana, and many other plants, foods and drinks.[2][3] Caffeine can also be taken as a supplement and may be added to other food or drinks, especially energy drinks.[4]
Caffeine is typically used for:
- increased mental alertness
- migraines and headaches, including in over-the-counter and perscription drugs
- improved athletic performance
- to improve short-term memory
- obesity/weight loss
- less commonly, for asthma or gallbladder disease[2]
Energy drinks[edit | edit source]
Drinks marketed as energy drinks or sometimes sports drinks typically contain a number of different stimulants, including:
- high or very high doses of caffeine
- high or very high amounts of simple sugars
- taurine
- guarana extract
- methionine
- ginseng
- other amino acids or natural stimulants[5]
Energy drink brands include such as Spike Shooter, Pimp Juice, Red Bull, and Cocaine. [5]
Caffeine powder[edit | edit source]
The FDA has issued a warning against the use of caffeine powder, which can provide 1200mg of caffine per 0.15 tablespoons of pure caffeine, this is three times the suggested safe daily limit and a level high enough to cause toxic effects, including seizures.[4]
Theory[edit | edit source]
Evidence[edit | edit source]
Perscription drugs[edit | edit source]
Caffeine is FDA-approved for:
- migraine and tension-type headaches, when combined pain relief drugs
- Preventing headaches after surgery (for people who regularly consume caffeine)
- Caffeine citrate is approved for pauses in breathing that may be followed by low heart rate and low oxygen levels in newborns.
ME/CFS[edit | edit source]
Many people with ME/CFS use caffeine to improve mental alertness or concentration or to reduce fatigue in the short term, but the 2014 International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis primer cautions against excessive usage due to the risk of tachycardia and agitation.[6] Consuming caffeine in the afternoon or evening is also advised against for ME/CFS patients due to the likelihood of it causing or contributing to insomnia.[6] Adolescents and children with ME/CFS are advised to limit the use of caffeine for concentration/attention to times when it is particularly important, such as for exams, and to be aware of the caffeine found in energy drinks.[7]
Risks and side effects[edit | edit source]
For most adults, a limit of 400mg of caffeine daily is likely to be safe, although this may not necessarily be safe long term.[3][4] Just four cups of brewed coffee, ten cans of cola or two typical energy shot drinks provide the maximum recommended amount of 400mg of caffeine.[3] Caffeine sensitivity varies greatly between people so some people will experience harmful effects at much lower doses.[4]
High doses[edit | edit source]
Large doses of caffeine can cause serious adverse reactions, including even fatalities resulting from excessive consumption, especially in the form of "energy" drinks or caffeine powder.[4][5][8][2][3]
Caffeine is mildly addictive, but other substances found in energy drinks are more addictive.[8] Caffeine withdrawal is not considered dangerous.
Excessive caffeine intake causes:
- Restlessness and shakiness, sometimes called "jitters"
- Insomnia, especially if drunk/taken in the afternoon
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Fast heart rate or racing heart
- Dehydration from increased urination
- Nervousness
- Irritability
- Anxiety
- Dependency, meaning that higher amounts of it are needed to get the same results
- Upset stomach or heartburn
- Reduced calcium absorption
- Increased blood pressure
- Muscle tremors[2][1][4]
Interactions[edit | edit source]
Caffeine may interact with certain perscription drugs or other supplements, particularly:
- Ephedrine, which is used in decongestants
- Theophylline, a medication used to open up bronchial airways.
- Echinacea, a herbal supplement sometimes used to prevent colds or other infections[3]
Costs and availability[edit | edit source]
Very widely available and inexpensive.
Notable studies[edit | edit source]
- 2015, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration may not be depressed in chronic fatigue syndrome[9] - (Abstract)
See also[edit | edit source]
Learn more[edit | edit source]
- Caffeine - MedlinePlus
- Caffine - WebMD
- Caffeine - Mayo Clinic
- Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much? - FDA
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Caffeine". MedlinePlus. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "CAFFEINE: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews". WebMD. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Caffeine: How much is too much?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Office of the Commissioner (December 2, 2021). "Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much?". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Clauson, Kevin A.; Shields, Kelly M.; McQueen, Cydney E.; Persad, Nikki (May 1, 2008). "Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks". Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 48 (3): e55–e67. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055. ISSN 1544-3191.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis; Friedberg, Fred; Bateman, Lucinda; Bested, Alison C; Davenport, Todd; Friedman, Kenneth J; Gurwitt, Alan R; Jason, Leonard A; Lapp, Charles W; Stevens, Staci R; Underhill, Rosemary A; Vallings, Rosamund (2014), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Primer for Clinical Practitioners (PDF), Chicago, USA: International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
- ↑ Rowe, Peter C.; Underhill, Rosemary A.; Friedman, Kenneth J.; Gurwitt, Alan; Medow, Marvin S.; Schwartz, Malcolm S.; Speight, Nigel; Stewart, Julian M.; Vallings, Rosamund; Rowe, Katherine S. (2017). "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer". Frontiers in Pediatrics. 5: 121. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00121.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Calabrò, Rocco S.; Naro, Antonino; Bramanti, Placido (2016). "Chapter 72 - Caffeine and Taurine and Energy Drink Abuse". In Preedy, Victor R. (ed.). Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. 3. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 723–732. ISBN 978-0-12-800634-4.
- ↑ Patrick, David M.; Miller, Ruth R.; Steiner, Theodore; Gardy, Jennifer L.; Parker, Shoshana M.; Tang, Patrick (April 3, 2015). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration may not be depressed in chronic fatigue syndrome". Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior. 3 (2): 122–125. doi:10.1080/21641846.2015.1024004. ISSN 2164-1846.
