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A '''blood donation''' occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation. Donation may be of whole blood, or of specific components directly. Blood banks often participate in the collection process as well as the procedures that follow it. == Transmission of ME/CFS on blood == Although there have been many [[List of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome outbreaks|outbreaks]] of people developing [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] (ME), [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS), or [[Disease Names|its many earlier names]] such as [[1948-49 Akureyri outbreak|Icelandic disease]], [[Tapanui Flu]], and [[Royal Free disease]], [[Infectious disease hypothesis|a singular infectious trigger]] has not been found, but one has also not been ruled out.<ref name="UnderhillInfectious">{{Cite journal | last = Underhill | first = Rosemary A. | last2 = O'Gorman | first2 = Ruth | date = 2006-01-01 | title = Prevalence of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue Within Families of CFS Patients |url = https://doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n01_02 | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–13|doi=10.1300/J092v13n01_02|issn=1057-3321}}</ref><ref name="causes" /> ME/CFS patients are known to have higher rates of infections including [[enterovirus]] infections than the general population, adding extra risk to recipients.<ref name="Hanson2021">{{Cite journal | title = The Enterovirus Theory of Disease Etiology in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Critical Review | date = 2021 | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmed.2021.688486 | journal = Frontiers in Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 688486 | last = O'Neal | first = Adam J. | author-link = | last2 = Hanson | first2 = Maureen R. | author-link2 = Maureen Hanson|doi=10.3389/fmed.2021.688486/abstract|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=2296-858X|quote=|via=}}</ref> From 2009 to 2011, some [[xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus|XMRV]] research showed the virus was found in chronic fatigue syndrome patients and was a likely cause of CFS, which led to restrictions being brought in on blood donation,<ref name="Post2010">{{Cite news |url = http://voices.washingtonpost.com/checkup/2010/12/red_cross_bars_chronic_fatique.html | title = Red Cross bars chronic fatigue patients from donating blood | last = Stein | first = Rob | author-link = | date = Dec 3, 2010| publisher = Washington Post| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=}}</ref> but the research proved to be wrong and the original paper was retracted as the virus was found to be the result of laboratory contamination, and other studies did not find the same results.<ref name="Redaction">{{Cite journal | date = Dec 2012 | title = Redaction, retraction and reaction | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro2928 | journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 799|doi=10.1038/nrmicro2928|issn=1740-1534}}</ref><ref name="transfusionnews">{{Cite web | url = https://transfusionnews.com/2012/10/05/multicenter-study-finds-no-correlation-between-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-and-xmrv/ | title = Multicenter Study Finds No Correlation between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and XMRV | website = transfusionnews.com | access-date = 2019-02-13}}</ref> After this, many blood donation restrictions remained,<ref name="Wilson2014"/> with various reasons being given including the higher rates of infectious diseases found in ME/CFS patients (which could be transmitted by blood), concern for the effects of blood donation on the health of ME/CFS donors, and lack of knowledge about how ME/CFS develops making it impossible to be sure that donated blood was safe.<ref name="Wilson2014"/> ==Blood donation from ME/CFS patients == In the [[United States]] the American Association of Blood Banks advises to either accept or defer donors based on "clinical judgment of the donor's health status".<ref name="AABBOct2012">{{Cite web | last = American Association of Blood Banks | url=https://www.aabb.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/regulatory/eid/xmrvfactsheet.pdf?sfvrsn=cd162fa3_2 | date =October 2012 | title = Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and other Polytropic Murine Leukemia Viruses (pMLV) | pages = 3 |quote=An updated AABB Association Bulletin #12-05 (November 2012) states that individual collectors of blood and cellular therapy products should accept or defer donors with a history of CFS based on their clinical judgment of the donor's health status.}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]] (UK) people who develop ME/CFS are banned from giving blood, even if recovered, according to the NHS Blood and Transplant 'Give Blood' website and the Joint United Kingdom Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee (JPAC).<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://my.blood.co.uk/knowledgebase/Index/C | title = My Donor Record - Health, Eligibility & Travel | website = my.blood.co.uk | access-date = 2021-04-01}}</ref><ref name="transfusions2021" /> At one time this was also true of [[United States]] (US)<ref name="healthywomen">{{Cite web | url = https://www.healthywomen.org/content/ask-expert/9326/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-contagious | title = Is chronic fatigue syndrome contagious? | website = HealthyWomen | date = |language=en | access-date = 2019-02-13 | last = Vernon | first = Suzanne | author-link = Suzanne Vernon|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> although these recommendations are no longer found on the the US American Red Cross site. [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] still have bans on blood products being donated by ME/CFS patients.<ref name="AusBlood" /> There is a lack of evidence that ME/CFS patients are contagious.<ref name="healthywomen" /> Initial infectious trigger(s) have led to outbreaks over the years and 72% of ME/CFS patients report an [[Onset of ME/CFS|onset]] of a [[Viral onset hypothesis|viral]] or [[Bacterial disease onset|bacterial infection]].<ref name="GrandRound2016">{{Cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/grand-rounds/pp/2016/20160216-presentation-chronic-fatigue-H.pdf | title=CDC Public Health Grand Rounds - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Advancing Research and Clinical Education | last = | first = | author-link = | date = 2016 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control]] | page = 6| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=}}</ref> Families, partners, and friends do not report contracting [[ME/CFS]] from someone with the disease ME/CFS or passing it on to others.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://forums.prohealth.com/forums/index.php?threads/is-cfs-contagious.189664/ | title = Is CFS contagious? | website = ProHealth Fibromyalgia, ME/CFS and Lyme Disease Forums | access-date = 2019-02-13}}</ref> Because ME/CFS can run in families, a [[Genetics of chronic fatigue syndrome|genetic link]] is <ref name="transfusions2021">{{Cite web | url = https://transfusionguidelines.org.uk/ | title = JPAC - Transfusion Guidelines | last = Target Information Systems Ltd | first = | website = transfusionguidelines.org.uk|language=en | access-date = 2021-04-01}}</ref>a recommended line of research by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC).<ref name="causes">{{Cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/possible-causes.html | title = Possible Causes {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2019-01-18 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us | access-date = 2019-02-13}}</ref> ==Prohibition== Blood donation by ME/CFS patients is banned or advised against in some countries: ===United Kingdom=== Since October 7, 2010, ME/CFS sufferers have been permanently prohibited from giving blood. The NHS Blood and Transplant ‘Give Blood’ website in the UK carries a comprehensive list of different conditions that might prevent you from giving blood.<ref name="GiveBloodUK" /> Under "CFS : Post-viral Syndrome" it states:<br> :"I am sorry but unfortunately, we cannot accept a donation if you have this condition or if you have previously had the condition even if you are now recovered."<ref name="GiveBloodUK" /> Similarly, the UK's blood transfusion service website confirms that:<br> :"people who currently have OR have had ME/CFS at any point in the past may not donate blood in the UK."<ref name="transfusions2021" /><ref name="BTNov2010">{{Cite web | url = https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/2r9852000000yi7y-att/2r9852000000yj00.pdf | title=Media Statement {{!}} ME/CFS sufferers permanently deferred from giving blood | last = NHS Blood and Transplant | first = | author-link = | date = Nov 2020 | website = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | access-date = 2022-05-25}}</ref> In addition, the UK [[National Health Service]] Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) advises that blood donors are assessed on the following criteria # Whether the donor is safe to give blood because of a medical condition which may be worsened by the act of giving blood. M.E. patients may not be able to compensate for the rapid removal of 15% of their blood volume, including iron, from their circulatory system. Healthy individuals are not normally affected by giving blood. # Whether the blood donated is safe for transfusion for the recipient. # Whether components such as haemoglobin and clotting factors in the donor's blood are of a suitable quality for the blood product.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://aprescriptionforme.wordpress.com/2015/06/18/can-people-with-m-e-give-blood-and-organs/ | title = Can people with M.E. donate blood, bone marrow and organs? | last = Beardall | first = Emily | date = 2015-06-18 | website = A Prescription for M.E.|language=en-GB | access-date = 2019-02-13}}</ref> A phone call to the information NHSTB information line had stated "The reason people with M.E. can't give blood is for the first reason, that it may affect our M.E. in that it could cause a worsening of our health if we are currently unwell, or a relapse if our health has improved. This is also given as the reason in Dr Barnes’ article in Blood and Transplant Matters (Barnes S. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Donor Exclusion. Blood and Transplant Matters").<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://aprescriptionforme.wordpress.com/2015/06/18/can-people-with-m-e-give-blood-and-organs/ | title = Can people with M.E. donate blood, bone marrow and organs? | last = Beardall | first = Emily | date = 2015-06-18 | website = A Prescription for M.E.|language=en-GB | access-date = 2019-02-13}}</ref> The NHSBT page can no longer be found<ref name="GiveBloodUK">{{Cite web | url = https://my.blood.co.uk/KnowledgeBase/Index/C | title = CFS : Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome - My Donor Record - Health, Eligibility & Travel | last = | first = | author-link = | date = | website = Give Blood | access-date = 2022-05-25| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | quote=CFS : Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome<br>I am sorry but unfortunately, we cannot accept a donation if you have this condition or if you have previously had the condition even if you are now recovered.}}</ref> and a search on the site does not provide results. {{See also|United Kingdom}} ===United States=== When [[Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus|XMRV]] was believed to be the infectious agent causing CFS, the US Red Cross announced a halt of blood donations from patients.<ref name="Post2010" /> After it was found that XMRV was not involved in CFS,<ref name="Redaction" /><ref name="transfusionnews" /> the Red Cross removed its announcement and recommendation pages prohibiting blood donations from CFS patients.<ref name="Post2010" /> {{See also|United States}} ===Canada === Canadian Blood Services does not allow ME/CFS patients or [[Fibromyalgia]] patients to donate blood,<ref name="CBS2022">{{Cite web |url= https://www.blood.ca/en/blood/am-i-eligible-donate-blood/abcs-eligibility | title = Am I eligible to donate plasma {{!}} ABCs of eligibility to donating blood, platelets and plasma | website = Canadian Blood Services |quote=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)<br>You are not eligible to donate. | access-date = 2022-05-25}}</ref> but Hema Quebec has no restrictions on CFS patients.<ref name="HemaQuebec">{{Cite web | url = https://www.hema-quebec.qc.ca/sang/donneur-sang/puis-je-donner/index.fr.html|language=fr-ca | title = Donneurs de sang {{!}} Puis-je donner? | website = Héma-Québec | access-date = 2022-05-25}}</ref><ref name="Wilson2014">{{Cite journal | title = The Use of Preliminary Scientific Evidence in Public Health: A Case Study of XMRV | date = 2014-04-08 | url = https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001623 | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 4| pages = e1001623 | last = Wilson | first = Kumanan | last2 = Atkinson | first2 = Katherine | last3 = Keelan | first3 = Jennifer|language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001623|pmc=PMC3979645|pmid=24714396|issn=1549-1676}}</ref> {{See also|Canada}} ===Australia=== The Australian Red Cross has posted: "Because we don't know the cause of this serious, debilitating disease, we can’t rule out that it is caused by a transmissible infection that medical science hasn’t discovered yet. We also don’t know the potential health effects of long-term blood donation on people who have suffered chronic fatigue syndrome."<ref name="AusBlood">{{Cite web | url = https://www.donateblood.com.au/faq/chronic-fatigue-syndrome | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome – I have/had chronic fatigue syndrome. Can I donate? | website = Australian Red Cross Blood Service|language=en | access-date = 2019-02-22}}</ref> {{See also|Australia}} ===New Zealand === [[New Zealand]] bans blood donation from anyone with chronic fatigue syndrome.<ref name="NZBlood" />NZ Blood states:<br> :"People with a diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome are permanently ineligible from donating blood in New Zealand."<ref name="NZBlood">{{Cite web |url = https://www.nzblood.co.nz/become-a-donor/am-i-eligible/detailed-eligibility-criteria/ | title = Detailed Eligibility Criteria | access-date = 2022-05-25 | date = | website = NZ Blood|quote=People with a diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome are permanently ineligible from donating blood in New Zealand}}</ref> {{See also|New Zealand}} == Patient concerns == * In 1992, [[Joan Irvine]] wrote to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) expressing concern as she believed that she had contracted [[Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome]] (CFIDS) (also known as [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS) and now [[ME/CFS]]) after a blood transfusion in 1987 (she committed suicide in 1996). The CDC replied to her stating "However since ongoing research indicates an infectious agent may be involved in some cases of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] it would seem prudent to refrain from donating blood until this issue is resolved".<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108003828/http://www.cfs-news.org/joan.htm | title = Joan Irvine, Blood Letters | website = CFS-NEWS | date = 2009-11-08 | url = http://www.cfs-news.org/joan.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-11-08 | access-date = 2019-02-22}}</ref> * In 2009, [[Margaret Williams]] has written about this subject, stating that here could be risk of spreading infection if a subset of [[ME/CFS]] patients were found to have an [[Infectious disease hypotheses|infectious disease cause]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.investinme.org/Article-352%20The%20Role%20of%20Viruses%20in%20MECFS.htm | title = Invest in ME - The role of viruses in ME/CFS | website = [[Invest in ME Research]] | access-date = 2019-02-22 | date = | last = Williams | first = Margaret | author-link = Margaret Williams|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Infectious disease hypothesis]] *[[Genetics of chronic fatigue syndrome]] *[[Blood]] ==Learn more == ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Triggers and risk factors]]
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