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Beta adrenergic receptor
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The '''adrenergic receptors''' (or adrenoceptors) are a class of guanine nucleotide regulatory binding protein receptors (G protein-coupled receptors) that are targets of the [[catecholamine]]s, especially [[norepinephrine]] (noradrenaline) and [[epinephrine]] (adrenaline).<ref name="Wachter2012">{{Cite journal | last = Wachter | first = S. Blake | last2 = Gilbert | first2 = Edward M.| date = 2012 | title = Beta-Adrenergic Receptors, from Their Discovery and Characterization through Their Manipulation to Beneficial Clinical Application | url =https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/339271 | journal = Cardiology|language=en | volume = 122 | issue = 2 | pages = 104–112|doi=10.1159/000339271|issn=0008-6312|pmid=22759389}}</ref><br> '''Adrenergic receptors''' mediate the effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and many adrenergic prescription drugs.<ref name="Bylund2013">{{Cite book | last = Bylund | first = D.B. | date = 2013-01-01|editor-last = Lennarz|editor-first = William J.|editor2-last = Lane|editor2-first = M. Daniel | title = Adrenergic Receptors |url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123786302003340|language=en|location=Waltham| publisher = Academic Press | pages = 57–60|isbn=978-0-12-378631-9}}</ref> <!-- === Alpha adrenergic receptors === Alpha adrenergic receptors or adrenergic receptors, also known as α-ARs or α-AdRs. The alpha adrenergic receptors are: * α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-AR) * [[α2-adrenergic receptor]]s (α2-AR)<ref name="Wachter2012"/> --> ==Types== Beta adrenergic or β adrenergic receptors are also known as β-ARs or β AdR, have a key role in cardiacregulation.<ref name="Wachter2012" /> The beta-adrenergic receptors are: * β1-adrenergic receptors (β1-AdR) * [[Beta 2-adrenergic receptor|β2-adrenergic receptors]] (β2-AdR) * β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-AdR)<ref name="Wachter2012" /> == ME/CFS == In 2015, a relatively large German study found 29% of [[ME/CFS]] patients had elevated autoantibodies to M3 and M4 [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]]s, as well as ß2 adrenergic receptors.<ref name="Loebel2016" /> In 2020, a small Sweden study confirmed these results in two different patient cohorts, but did not find a relationship between adrenergic receptors and the severity of ME.<ref name="Bynke2020" /> The study assessed patients with moderate ME who met the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Canadian]] and [[International Consensus Criteria|international consensus criteria]] for [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]], plus the [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease]] criteria, and found that the majority of patients had raised blood plasma concentration of β1, β2, M3 and M4-receptor autoantibodies but [[cerebrospinal fluid]] levels were normal. Only 25% of healthy controls had raised autoantibody levels.<ref name="Bynke2020" /> These findings supported the [[autoimmune hypothesis]] for a subset of patients. == Notable studies == *2012, Differences in metabolite-detecting, adrenergic, and immune gene expression after moderate exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, patients with [[multiple sclerosis]], and healthy controls<ref name="White, 2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = AT | author-link1 = | last2 = Light | first2 = AR | author-link2 = Alan Light | last3 = Hughen | first3 = RW | author-link3 = | last4 = Vanhaitsma | first4 = TA | author-link4 = | last5 = Light | first5 = KC | author-link5 = Kathleen Light | title = Differences in metabolite-detecting, adrenergic, and immune gene expression after moderate exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, patients with multiple sclerosis, and healthy controls | journal =Psychosomatic Medicine | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | page = 46-54 | date = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = PMC3256093 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256093/ | doi = 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31824152ed}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256093/ (Full text)] *2016, Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Loebel2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Loebel | first1 = M | author-link1 = Madlen Loebel | last2 = Grabowski | first2 = P | author-link2 = Patricia Grabowski | last3 = Heidecke | first3 = H | author-link3 = | last4 = Bauer | first4 = S | author-link4 = | last5 = Hanitsch | first5 = LG | author-link5 = | last6 = Wittke | first6 = K | author-link6 = | last7 = Meisel | first7 = C | author-link7 = | last8 = Reinke | first8 = P | author-link8 = | last9 = Volk | first9 = H | author-link9 = | last10= Fluge | first10 = Ø | author-link10 = Øystein Fluge | last11= Mella | first11 = O | author-link11 = Olav Mella | last12= Scheibenbogen | first12 = C | author-link12 = Carmen Scheibenbogen| title = Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome| journal = Brain, behavior, and immunity | volume = 52 | issue = | page = 32-39| date = 2016 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159115300209 }}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159115300209?via%3Dihub (Full Text)] *2018, [[Immunoadsorption]] to remove ß2 adrenergic receptor antibodies in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome CFS/ME<ref name="Immunoadsorption2018">{{Cite journal | last = Scheibenbogen | first = Carmen | author-link = Carmen Scheibenbogen | last2 = Loebel | first2 = Madlen | author-link2 = Madlen Löbel | last3 = Freitag | first3 = Helma | author-link3 = Helma Freitag | last4 = Krueger | first4 = Anne | last5 = Bauer | first5 = Sandra | author-link5 = Sandra Bauer | last6 = Antelmann | first6 = Michaela | last7 = Doehner | first7 = Wolfram | last8 = Scherbakov | first8 = Nadja | last9 = Heidecke | first9 = Harald | last10 = Reinke | first10 = Petra | last11 = Volk | first11 = Hans-Dieter | last12 = Grabowski | first12 = Patricia | author-link12 = Patricia Grabowski | date = 2018 | title = Immunoadsorption to remove ß2 adrenergic receptor antibodies in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome CFS/ME | url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193672 | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 13 | issue = 3| pages = e0193672|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0193672|via=}}</ref> - [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193672 (Full Text)] * 2020, Autoantibodies to beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) patients – A validation study in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from two Swedish cohorts<ref name="Bynke2020">{{Cite journal | last = Bynke | first = Annie | author-link = | last2 = Julin | first2 = Per | author-link2 = | last3 = Gottfries | first3 = Carl-Gerhard | author-link3 = Carl-Gerhard Gottfries | last4 = Heidecke | first4 = Harald | author-link4 = | last5 = Scheibenbogen | first5 = Carmen | author-link5 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | last6 = Bergquist | first6 = Jonas | author-link6 = Jonas Bergquist | date = 2020-08-01 | title = Autoantibodies to beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) patients – A validation study in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from two Swedish cohorts |url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354620300727 | journal = Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health|language=en | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 100107|doi=10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100107|issn=2666-3546|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354620300727 (Full text)] *2020, Comparison of Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Between Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Healthy Controls<ref name="Cakiroglu2020">{{Cite journal | title = Comparison of Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Between Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Healthy Controls | date = 2020-02-07 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7788641/ | journal = Archives of Rheumatology | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 328–334 | last = Şen Çakiroğlu | first = Gözde | author-link = | last2 = Hizmetli | first2 = Sami | author-link2 = | last3 = Siliğ| first3 = Yavuz | author-link3 = | last4 = Karadağ| first4 = Ahmet | author-link4 = | last5 = Hayta | first5 = Emrullah | author-link5 = | last6 = Özaltin | first6 = Burcu | author-link6 = | last7 = Taş| first7 = Ayça | last8 = Zontul | first8 = Cemile|doi=10.46497/ArchRheumatol.2020.7602|pmc=7788641|pmid=33458655|access-date=|issn=2148-5046|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7788641/ (Full text)] ==News articles and blogs== * 2015, [https://www.meaction.net/2015/09/26/antibodies-found-in-subset-of-cfs-patients/ Autoantibodies found in subset of CFS patients] - #MEAction == Learn more == * [https://doi.org/10.1159/000339271 Beta-Adrenergic Receptors, from Their Discovery and Characterization through Their Manipulation to Beneficial Clinical Application] ==See also== * [[beta 2-adrenergic receptor]] * [[Wirth-Scheibenbogen hypothesis]] *[[Autoimmune hypothesis]] *[[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]] *[[Neurotransmitters]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Protein receptors]] [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]]
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