Atlantoaxial instability: Difference between revisions

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== Symptoms ==
== Symptoms ==
** Neck pain<ref name=":0" />
** Neck stiffness, torticollis<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=William I.|date=1998-02-01|title=Atlantoaxial Instability: What's Next?|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/189216|journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|language=en|volume=152|issue=2|pages=119–122|doi=10.1001/archpedi.152.2.119|issn=1072-4710}}</ref>
** Myelopathy<ref name=":0" />
** Spasticity<ref name=":0" />
** Radius are symptoms<ref name=":0" />
** Lack of coordination<ref name=":0" />
** Clumsiness<ref name=":0" />
** Gait changes, difficulty with gait<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
** Sensory deficits<ref name=":0" />
** Neurogenic bladder<ref name=":0" />
** Spasticity, clonus, hyperreflexia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
** Paraplegia, quadriplegia<ref name=":0" />
** Muscle weakness<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2049/atlantoaxial-instability|title=Atlantoaxial Instability - Spine - Orthobullets|website=www.orthobullets.com|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>
** Decreased hand dexterity<ref name=":2" />


== Risk factors and causes ==
== Risk factors and causes ==
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== References ==
== References ==
<references />

Revision as of 05:24, December 10, 2019

Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by excessive movement at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) as a result of either a bone or ligament abnormality.

It can be caused by congenital conditions, inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, as a result of physical trauma, or infection.[1]

It often co-occurs with craniocervical instability (CCI).

In individuals without predisposing conditions, it is thought to be extremely rare.[2]

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

    • Neck pain[2]
    • Neck stiffness, torticollis[3]
    • Myelopathy[2]
    • Spasticity[2]
    • Radius are symptoms[2]
    • Lack of coordination[2]
    • Clumsiness[2]
    • Gait changes, difficulty with gait[2][3]
    • Sensory deficits[2]
    • Neurogenic bladder[2]
    • Spasticity, clonus, hyperreflexia[2][3]
    • Paraplegia, quadriplegia[2]
    • Muscle weakness[4]
    • Decreased hand dexterity[4]

Risk factors and causes[edit | edit source]

Congenital causes[edit | edit source]

Rheumatoid arthritis[edit | edit source]

Chronic inflammation can cause laxity and stretching of the transverse ligament, the formation of a pannus, as well as bone erosion.[2]

Grisel’s syndrome[edit | edit source]

Grisel’s syndrome occurs following inflammation of the soft tissue as a consequence of infection or surgery. It is primarily seen in patients ages 5-12 but can also be seen in adults.[5]

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

AAI is defined as an atlantodental (or atlantodens or atlas-dens) interval (ADI) of greater than 3 mm in adults and of greater than 5 mm in children as measured on plain radiography. The ADI is the distance between the odontoid process and the posterior border of the anterior arch of the atlas.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

Learn more

References[edit | edit source]

  1. "Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". November 10, 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Lacy, Jordan; Gillis, Christopher C. (2019). "Atlantoaxial Instability". Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30137847. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cohen, William I. (February 1, 1998). "Atlantoaxial Instability: What's Next?". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 152 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.2.119. ISSN 1072-4710.
  4. 4.0 4.1 "Atlantoaxial Instability - Spine - Orthobullets". www.orthobullets.com. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  5. "Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". November 10, 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)