Atlantoaxial instability: Difference between revisions
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== Symptoms == | == Symptoms == | ||
** Neck pain<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Neck stiffness, torticollis<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=William I.|date=1998-02-01|title=Atlantoaxial Instability: What's Next?|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/189216|journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|language=en|volume=152|issue=2|pages=119–122|doi=10.1001/archpedi.152.2.119|issn=1072-4710}}</ref> | |||
** Myelopathy<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Spasticity<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Radius are symptoms<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Lack of coordination<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Clumsiness<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Gait changes, difficulty with gait<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | |||
** Sensory deficits<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Neurogenic bladder<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Spasticity, clonus, hyperreflexia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | |||
** Paraplegia, quadriplegia<ref name=":0" /> | |||
** Muscle weakness<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2049/atlantoaxial-instability|title=Atlantoaxial Instability - Spine - Orthobullets|website=www.orthobullets.com|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> | |||
** Decreased hand dexterity<ref name=":2" /> | |||
== Risk factors and causes == | == Risk factors and causes == | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> |
Revision as of 05:24, December 10, 2019
Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by excessive movement at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) as a result of either a bone or ligament abnormality.
It can be caused by congenital conditions, inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, as a result of physical trauma, or infection.[1]
It often co-occurs with craniocervical instability (CCI).
In individuals without predisposing conditions, it is thought to be extremely rare.[2]
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
- Neck pain[2]
- Neck stiffness, torticollis[3]
- Myelopathy[2]
- Spasticity[2]
- Radius are symptoms[2]
- Lack of coordination[2]
- Clumsiness[2]
- Gait changes, difficulty with gait[2][3]
- Sensory deficits[2]
- Neurogenic bladder[2]
- Spasticity, clonus, hyperreflexia[2][3]
- Paraplegia, quadriplegia[2]
- Muscle weakness[4]
- Decreased hand dexterity[4]
Risk factors and causes[edit | edit source]
Congenital causes[edit | edit source]
Rheumatoid arthritis[edit | edit source]
Chronic inflammation can cause laxity and stretching of the transverse ligament, the formation of a pannus, as well as bone erosion.[2]
Grisel’s syndrome[edit | edit source]
Grisel’s syndrome occurs following inflammation of the soft tissue as a consequence of infection or surgery. It is primarily seen in patients ages 5-12 but can also be seen in adults.[5]
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
AAI is defined as an atlantodental (or atlantodens or atlas-dens) interval (ADI) of greater than 3 mm in adults and of greater than 5 mm in children as measured on plain radiography. The ADI is the distance between the odontoid process and the posterior border of the anterior arch of the atlas.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
See also[edit | edit source]
Learn more
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". November 10, 2019. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Lacy, Jordan; Gillis, Christopher C. (2019). "Atlantoaxial Instability". Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30137847. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cohen, William I. (February 1, 1998). "Atlantoaxial Instability: What's Next?". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 152 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.2.119. ISSN 1072-4710.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Atlantoaxial Instability - Spine - Orthobullets". www.orthobullets.com. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ↑ "Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". November 10, 2019. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help)