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Adenosine triphosphate
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[[File:ATP.png|thumb|250x250px|Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule]] '''Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)''' is the molecule that supplies and stores energy needed for biochemical reactions in all cell processes. It is commonly referred to as the energy currency of cells.<ref>http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Adenosine_triphosphate</ref> The cell manufactures most of the ATP needed in the [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]], however some ATP is manufactured in a less efficient and, usually, smaller amount in the cytoplasm.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology/Regulation-of-RNA-after-synthesis#ref313768</ref> Studies examining ATP production in [[ME/CFS]] cohorts have produced divergent conclusions. Several studies, such as [[Sarah Myhill|Myhill]], 2013, and Castro-Marrero, 2013, have found reduced concentrations of ATP in the blood of ME/CFS patients,<ref name="Myhill, 2013" /><ref name="Castro-Marrero, 2013" /> whereas others, such as Smits, 2011, and Vermeulen, 2010, have not detected any changes in ATP production.<ref name="Smits, 2011" /><ref name="Vermeulen, 2010" /> A study by Lawson, 2016, showed an increase in ATP manufactured outside of the [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]].<ref name="Lawson, 2016" /> ==<span id="complex-v">ATP synthase complex</span>== The ATP synthase complex is also known as complex V.<ref name="complex-v-def">{{Cite book | title = Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis | pages = 162|isbn=978-3-540-21489-2|edition= | volume = |language=en| title-link = | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ie5ZmOYHpVEC&lpg=PA162&dq=%22complex%20V%22&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date= | date = 2004-05-13| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | last = Koehler | first = Carla | author-link = | last2 = Bauer | first2 = Matthias F. | author-link2 = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location= }}</ref> ==Notable studies related to [[myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]]== *2016, Elevated Energy Production in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients <blockquote>"Abstract: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating disease characterized by physical and mental exhaustion. The underlying pathogenesis is unknown, but impairments in certain mitochondrial functions have been found in some CFS patients. To thoroughly reveal mitochondrial deficiencies in CFS patients, here we examine the key aspects of mitochondrial function in blood cells from a paired CFS patient-control series. Surprisingly, we discover that in patients the ATP levels are higher and mitochondrial cristae are more condensed compared to their paired controls, while the mitochondrial crista length, mitochondrial size, shape, density, membrane potential, and enzymatic activities of the complexes in the electron transport chain remain intact. We further show that the increased ATP largely comes from non-mitochondrial sources. Our results indicate that the fatigue symptom in this cohort of patients is unlikely caused by lack of ATP and severe mitochondrial malfunction. On the contrary, it might be linked to a pathological mechanism by which more ATP is produced by non-mitochondrial sources.<ref name="Lawson, 2016" /></blockquote> *2013, Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) - a clinical audit.<ref name="Myhill, 2013" /> *2010, Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome performed worse than controls in a controlled repeated exercise study despite a normal oxidative phosphorylation capacity.<ref name="Vermeulen, 2010" /> ==Video== *[https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/introduction-to-stages-of-photosynthesis/v/adenosine-triphosphate Khan Academy video explanation of ATP] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GMLIMIVUvo Bozeman Science video explanation of ATP] ==Learn more== *[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Adenosine_triphosphate#section=Top Adenosine triphosphate] ==References== <references> <ref name="Castro-Marrero, 2013">{{Citation | last1 = Castro-Marrero | first1 = J. | author-link1 = Jesús Castro-Marrero | last2 = Cordero | first2 = M.D. | author-link2 = | last3 = Sáez-Francas | first3 = N. | author-link3 = | last4 = Jimenez-Gutierrez | first4 = C. | author-link4 = | last5 = Aguilar-Montilla | first5 = F.J. | author-link5 = | last6 = Aliste | first6 = L. | author-link6 = | last7 = Alegre-Martin | first7 = J. | author-link8 = | title = Could mitochondrial dysfunction be a differentiating marker between chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia? | journal = Antioxidants & Redox Signaling | volume = 19 | issue = 15 | pages = 1855-1860 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23600892 | doi = 10.1089/ars.2013.5346 }}</ref> <ref name="Lawson, 2016">{{Citation | last1 = Lawson | first1 = Nick | author-link1 = | last2 = Hsieh | first2 = Chung-Han | author-link2 = | last3 = March | first3 = Dana| author-link3 = | last4 = Wang | first4 = Xinnan | author-link4 = | title = Elevated Energy Production in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients | journal = Journal of Nature and Science | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = | date = 2016 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5065105/ }}</ref> <ref name="Myhill, 2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Myhill | first1 = S. | author-link1 = Sarah Myhill | last2 = Booth | first2 = N.E. | author-link2 = | last3 = McLaren-Howard | first3 = J. | author-link3 = | title = Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) - a clinical audit | journal = International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-15 | date = 2013 | url = http://www.ijcem.com/files/IJCEM1207003.pdf }}</ref> <ref name="Smits, 2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Smits | first1 = B | author-link1 = | last2 = van den Heuvel | first2 = L | author-link2 = | last3 = Knoop | first3 = H | author-link3 = | last4 = Küsters | first4 = B | author-link4 = | last5 = Janssen | first5 = A | author-link5 = | last6 = Borm | first6 = G | author-link6 = | last7 = Bleijenberg | first7 = G | author-link7 = | last8 = Rodenburg | first8 = R | author-link8 = | last9 = van Engelen | first9 = B | author-link9 = | title = Mitochondrial enzymes discriminate between mitochondrial disorders and chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Mitochondrion | volume = | issue = | pages = 735-738 | date = 2011 | pmid = 21664495 | doi = 10.1016/j.mito.2011.05.005 }}</ref> <ref name="Vermeulen, 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Vermeulen | first1 = R.C. | author-link1 = | last2 = Kurk | first2 = R.M. | author-link2 = | last3 = Visser | first3 = F.C. | author-link3 = | last4 = Sluiter | first4 = W. | author-link4 = | last5 = Scholte | first5 = H.R. | author-link5 = | title = Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome performed worse than controls in a controlled repeated exercise study despite a normal oxidative phosphorylation capacity | journal = Journal of Translational Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 93 | pages = 93 | date = 2010 | pmid = 20937116 | doi = 10.1186/1479-5876-8-93 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Energy system]]
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