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Acceptance and commitment therapy
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==== The chessboard metaphor ==== According to ACT, people interpret their experiences as relating to a coherent self, an identity that determines interpretations of thoughts and feelings and their behavioral consequences. A person who labels herself as incompetent or shy for example might behave in a manner that maintains that self-description.<ref name="Twohig2012">{{Cite journal | last = Twohig | first = Michael P. | author-link = | date = Nov 2012 | title = Acceptance and Commitment Therapy | url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1077722912000508 | journal = Cognitive and Behavioral Practice|language=en | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 499β507|doi=10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.04.003|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> ACT promotes detachment from such verbally constructed identities as they may cause psychological rigidity.Β As an alternative ACT proposes the self as context, where one steps back from all definitions and descriptions about one's self. The self as context is the idea that our selves are the observer of our experiences and not the content we observe.<ref name="Gordon2017" /> ACT assumes that persons with psychological problems often fail to distinguish themselves as separate from their experience. The chessboard metaphor is used to description the use of detachment.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Acceptance & Commitment Therapy for the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder & Trauma-related Problems: A Practitioner's Guide to Using Mindfulness & Acceptance Strategies | pages = 116|isbn=978-1-57224-472-6|edition= | volume = |language=en| title-link = | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Qlm6BX-K40QC&lpg=PA116&=PA116#v=onepage&q=chess-board=true|access-date= | date = 2007| publisher = New Harbinger Publications | last = Walser | first = Robyn D. | author-link = | last2 = Westrup | first2 = Darrah | author-link2 = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location=|editor-last = |editor-first = | editor1-link = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = }}</ref> Clients are told that their inner experiences are similar to playing chess, and different chess pieces can be used to their represent thoughts, feelings, and experiences. The chess pieces might represent either comfortable ("good") or uncomfortable ("bad") experiences, and are placed on the chessboard in a group according to whether they represent "good" or "bad" experiences. Larger pieces are used to represent the more distressing experiences such as traumatic events. Clients are encouraged to see these thoughts, feelings and experiences as in conflict, with the client only winning when the "good" beats the "bad". The fear of the bad itself is also a part of the game, so it is added to the board as a new piece. There is no winning this game because new experiences continue to happen, and the bad experiences (the client's history) can't be erased. Clients are then encouraged to see themselves as the ''chessboard'' instead: the chessboard never wins or loses, it simply observes the good and bad thoughts, feelings and experiences. This chessboard metaphor of detachment is a central part of ACT.<ref name="Hayesbook" />
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