Ibudilast

Ibudilast (brand names Ketas or Pinatos in Japan, drug development names AV411 and MN166 the United States)) is a drug used for over 20 years in Japan, mostly for asthma and post-stroke dizziness. Ibudilast is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, an immunomodulator, reduces microglial activation, and has anti-inflammatory effects.

Potential uses
Ibudilast is under investigation for a number of new purposes, and evidence exists that it can be combined with opioids to reduce chronic nerve pain. Many studies of ibudilast are on rats or other animals rather than humans. Ibudilast crosses the blood-brain barrier and suppresses glial cell activation.