Epidemiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome

Worldwide, an estimated 15 to 20 million people have myalgic encephalomyelitis. It is more prevalent in women than men and affects children as young as X and adults as old as X. In 80% of causes, the onset follows an acute infection.

Incidence and Prevalence
Estimated incidence rates – generally, the number of new cases in a single year – vary from 0.025% to 0.3% of the population. Prevalence rates range from X to Y. This variation is due in part to the variety of definitions used and sampling methods.

Gender
Numerous studies have found the rates of ME/CFS to be substantially higher in adult women than in men, with estimates ranging from 75-85%.

A higher preponderance of women has also been noted in several outbreaks including outbreaks in Los Angeles and London. However, it was often difficult in hospital setting to disambiguate whether this was an underlying feature of the disease or a function of female nursing staff having more frequent or closer contact with potentially infectious patients. In the case of the Los Angeles outbreak, even controlling for living quarters and occupation, investigators determined that gender was a risk factor. In other outbreaks, including the 1949-1953 Adelaide outbreak and an outbreak in northern England in 1955, a 1:1 gender ratio was reported.

Age
Jason found that individuals in the 40- to 49-year-old age range exhibited the highest rates of CFS. A study in Norway found two age peaks, one between 10 and 19 years and a second peak between 30 and 39 years.

Race and ethnicity
In 1999, a community-based study by Dr Leonard Jason, et al, performed in the Chicago area found that individuals who identified as people of color exhibited higher rates of CFS than whites, with Latino participants demonstrating the highest CFS prevalence.

Socioeconomic characteristics
The prevalence of CFS was highest among skilled workers and lowest among professionals.

Severity


People with ME/CFS are more disabled and socially marginalized than for most other chronic illnesses.

Around 25 per cent of people with ME/CFS will have a mild form and be able to get to school or work either part-time or full-time, while reducing other activities. About 50 per cent will have a moderate to severe form of ME/CFS and not be able to get to school or work. Another 25 per cent will experience severe ME/CFS and have to stay at home or in bed.

In the US, 50-75% of patients with ME/CFS cannot work.

Genetics
See also: Genetics of chronic fatigue syndrome

5% of children of mothers with ME/CFS later developed the illness.

Infection
Infection is a major risk factor for the development of post-viral fatigue syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myalgic encephalomyelitis.

Prognosis
On average, many people with ME/CFS will improve in the first five years, but others may mainly stay at home or in bed, or may suffer relapses throughout their lives.

Mortality
One study found no increased risk of all cause mortality or mortality from cancer but an increased risk of suicide. Suicide risk was increased 6.85 compared to the general population. It was based on a cohort that used multiple clinical criteria, including the Oxford criteria. A Spanish study found a suicide risk of 12.75% versus 2.3% in the general population.