Chiari malformation



A Chiari malformation (CM) is a structural defect of the base of the skull and the cerebellum, characterized by a downward displacement of one or both cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull). This can sometimes lead to non-communicating hydrocephalus as a result of obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow.

The cerebrospinal fluid outflow is caused by phase difference in outflow and influx of blood in the vasculature of the brain.

Chiari malformation is usually congenital but can happen later in life – called secondary Chiari malformation – in the case of spinal fluid leak due to traumatic injury, disease, or infection.

Symptoms
There are three types of Chiari malformation with many symptoms, some that overlap and others that are unique to that type. The three types are diagnosed at different stages of life such as an ultrasound given during pregnancy, during an exam at birth or infancy, or in older children and adults.

Chiari malformation can cause headaches, difficulty swallowing (sometimes accompanied by gagging), choking and vomiting, dizziness, nausea, neck pain, unsteady gait (problems with balance), poor hand coordination (fine motor skills), numbness and tingling of the hands and feet, and speech problems (such as hoarseness).

Less often, people with Chiari malformation may experience ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus), weakness, slow heart rhythm, or fast heart rhythm, curvature of the spine (scoliosis) related to spinal cord impairment, abnormal breathing, such as central sleep apnea, characterized by periods of breathing cessation during sleep, and, in severe cases, paralysis.

Pathology
"“The primary pathology in CMI is attributed to CSF flow obstruction, rather than the absolute location of tonsillar descent below the foramen magnum. The primary goal of surgery, therefore, is to restore normal CSF flow dynamics at the craniocervical junction, and hence, decrease the signs/symptoms attributed to CMI.”"

Chiari malformation Type I
In this type, the cerebellar tonsils extend into the foramen magnum. Normally, only the spinal cord passes through this opening. 30% of patients with Type 1 are asymptomatic. It is usually first noticed in adolescence or adulthood, often by accident during an examination for another condition. Adolescents and adults who no symptoms initially may develop signs of the disorder later in life.

Chiari malformation Type II
Individuals with Type II have symptoms that are generally more severe than in Type 1 and usually appear during childhood. This disorder can cause life-threatening complications during infancy or early childhood, and treating it requires surgery.

In Type II, also called classic CM, both the cerebellum and brain stem tissue protrude into the foramen magnum. Also the nerve tissue that connects the two halves of the cerebellum may be missing or only partially formed. Type II is usually accompanied by a myelomeningocele—a form of spina bifida that occurs when the spinal canal and backbone do not close before birth. (Spina bifida is a disorder characterized by the incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or their protective covering.)  A myelomeningocele usually results in partial or complete paralysis of the area below the spinal opening. The term Arnold-Chiari malformation (named after two pioneering researchers) is specific to Type II malformations.

Chiari malformation Type III
Type III is very rare and the most serious form of Chiari malformation. In Type III, some of the cerebellum and the brain stem stick out, or herniate, through an abnormal opening in the back of the skull. This can also include the membranes surrounding the brain or spinal cord.

The symptoms of Type III appear in infancy and can cause debilitating and life-threatening complications. Babies with Type III can have many of the same symptoms as those with Type II but can also have additional severe neurological defects such as mental and physical delays, and seizures.

Chiari malformation Type IV
Type IV involves an incomplete or underdeveloped cerebellum (a condition known as cerebellar hypoplasia). In this rare form of CM, the cerebellum is located in its normal position but parts of it are missing, and portions of the skull and spinal cord may be visible.

Diagnosis
Chiari I malformations are diagnosed using a T2-weight cranial or cervical MRI. A cine-phase-constraint MRI is often used to assess whether the Chiari malformation is obstructing cerebrospinal fluid flow, viewed as a primary aspect of the pathology.

Treatment
Treatment is posterior fossa decompression surgery.

“Clinical improvement noted in the majority of patients treated surgically (83–100%), has been observed in conjunction with complication rates varying from 0 to 16.7%.”

Co-morbidities
Common comorbidites of Chiari malformation include:
 * Hydrocephalus - an excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It can cause intracranial hypertension.
 * Spina bifida - an incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord.
 * Syringomyelia -a disorder in which a cerebrospinal-filled cyst or syrinx forms within the spinal cord’s central canal.
 * Tethered cord syndrome
 * Spinal curvature - the spine either may bend to the left or right (scoliosis) or may bend forward (kyphosis).
 * Craniocervical instability

Fibromyalgia
In the 1990s, there was a controversy surrounding whether some patients with Chiari malformation had been misdiagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia or whether Chiari malformation could indeed cause the symptoms of each. A 2004 study of a non-random sample of 270 patients with fibromyalgia diagnoses found that 46% had cervical spinal stenosis and 20% chiari malformation. However, a 2011 paper which compared a random sample of fibromyalgia patients to a control group failed to find any increased rate of Chiari malformation among people with fibromyalgia. Chiari malformation is associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome,  which is sometimes misdiagnosed as fibromyalgia, or with which there may be diagnostic overlap.

ME/CFS
A Swedish study of 234 ME/CFS patients meeting the Canadian Consensus Criteria found that a substantial proportion of patients had signs on their brain MRIs suggestive of intracranial hypertension: 55% had increased diameter of the optic nerve sheath. In addition 80% had cerebellar tonsillar descent that could potentially cause disruptions to spinal fluid flow, and thus increased intracranial pressure. 13.2% had tonsillar herniations severe enough to be considered a Chiari Malformation.