Canadian Consensus Criteria

The Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC) are a proposed clinical criteria for ME/CFS, published in 2003, and frequently used as a case definition in research. It is a stricter criteria than the Fukuda criteria and according to Leonard Jason represents a more severely impaired population.

Adults are diagnosed at six months and pediatric cases at three months.

Definition
A patient with ME/CFS will meet the criteria for fatigue, Post-exertional malaise and/or fatigue, sleep dysfunction, and pain; have two or more neurological/cognitive manifestations and one or more symptoms from two of the categories of (a) autonomic, (b) neuroendocrine, and (c) immune manifestations; and adhere to item 7.


 * 1) Fatigue: The patient must have a significant degree of new onset, unexplained, persistent, or recurrent physical and mental fatigue that substantially reduces activity level.
 * 2) Post-exertional malaise and/or Fatigue: There is an inappropriate loss of physical and mental stamina, rapid muscular and cognitive fatigability, post exertional malaise and/or fatigue and/or pain and a tendency for other associated symptoms within the patient’s cluster of symptoms to worsen. There is a pathologically slow recovery period - usually 24 hours or longer.
 * 3) Sleep Dysfunction:* There is unrefreshed sleep or sleep quantity or rhythm disturbances such as reversed or chaotic diurnal sleep rhythms.
 * 4) Pain:* There is a significant degree of myalgia. Pain can be experienced in the muscles, and/or joints, and is often widespread and migratory in nature. Often there are significant headaches of new type, pattern or severity.
 * 5) Neurological/Cognitive Manifestations: Two or more of the following difficulties should be present: confusion, impairment of concentration and short-term memory consolidation, disorientation, difficulty with information processing, categorizing and word retrieval (Word-finding problems), and perceptual and sensory disturbances – e.g. spatial instability and disorientation and inability to focus vision. Ataxia, muscle weakness and fasciculations are common. There may be overload phenomena: cognitive, sensory – e.g. photophobia and hypersensitivity to noise - and/or emotional overload, which may lead to “crash” periods and/or anxiety.
 * 6) At Least One Symptom from Two of the Following 3 Categories:
 * Autonomic Manifestations: Orthostatic intolerance - Neurally mediated hypotension (NMH), Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), delayed postural hypotension; light-headedness; extreme pallor; nausea and irritable bowel syndrome; urinary frequency and bladder dysfunction; palpitations with or without cardiac arrhythmias; exertional dyspnea.
 * Neuroendocrine Manifestations: loss of thermostatic stability – subnormal body temperature and marked diurnal fluctuation, sweating episodes, recurrent feelings of feverishness and cold extremities; intolerance of extremes of heat and cold; marked weight change - anorexia or abnormal appetite; loss of adaptability and worsening of symptoms with stress.
 * Immune Manifestations: tender lymph nodes, recurrent sore throat, recurrent flu-like symptoms, general malaise, new food sensitivities, medications and/or chemical sensitivities.

 The illness persists for at least six months: It usually has a distinct onset, **although it may be gradual. Preliminary diagnosis may be possible earlier. Three months is appropriate for children. 

To be included, the symptoms must have begun or have been significantly altered after the onset of this illness. It is unlikely that a patient will suffer from all symptoms in criteria 5 & 6. The disturbances tend to form symptom clusters that may fluctuate and change over time. Children often have numerous prominent symptoms but their order of severity tends to vary from day to day. *There is a small number of patients who have no pain or sleep dysfunction, but no other diagnosis fits except ME/CFS. A diagnosis of ME/CFS can be entertained when this group has an infectious illness type onset. **Some patients have been unhealthy for other reasons prior to the onset of ME/ CFS and lack detectable triggers at onset or have more gradual or insidious onset.

Authors
Bruce Carruthers, Anil Kumar Jain, Kenny de Meirleir, Daniel Peterson, Nancy Klimas, A Martin Lerner, Alison Bested, Pierre Flor-Henry, Pradip Joshi, A C Peter Powles, Jeffrey Sherkey, Marjorie van de Sande

Generally accepted criteria for diagnosis

 * Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC) - A diagnosis of moderate and severe forms of ME/CFS are accurately made using this criterion. Adults can be diagnosed at six months while pediatric cases are diagnosed at three months.


 * International Consensus Criteria (ICC) - This criterion will accurately diagnose myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). There is no requirement that the individual have symptoms for a specified period of time for diagnosis, as opposed to Fukuda and SEID, which both require 6 months in adults.


 * Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID) - ME/CFS (SEID) is accurately diagnosed when the basic criteria are met. The Institute of Medicine report as a whole is a comprehensive review of the medical literature available at time of publication (2015). Adults can be diagnosed at six months while pediatric cases are diagnosed at three months.

Learn more

 * 2003, Canadian Consensus Report - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols
 * A summarized synopsis in French - Encéphalomyélite myalgique/syndrome de fatigue chronique: Définition clinique et lignes directrices à l’intention des médecins, Abrégé du Consensus canadien
 * 2004, Comparing the Fukuda et al. Criteria and the Canadian Case Definition for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Leonard Jason et al.
 * 2005, A Clinical Case Definition and Guidelines for Medical Practitioners: An Overview of the Canadian Consensus Document