Exercise

Exercise and the immune system
In healthy people, exercise induces a variety of temporary changes to immune markers. Immediately after exercise, natural killer cell activity is decreased and Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) increase, along with the LTB4/PGE2 ratio. Exercise elevates levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for up to five days.

Post Exertional Malaise
ME/CFS patients who exercise are likely to experience Post-exertional malaise.

Microbiome
A small study of ten CFS patients found significant changes in the composition of the microbiome and increased bacterial translocation (movement from the intestine into the bloodstream following exercise. In the blood, the study found increased Clostridium fifteen minutes after exercise and increased Bacilli 48 hours later.

Musculature
Exercise has also been found to induce both early and excessive lactic acid formation in the muscles with reduced intracellular concentrations of ATP and acceleration of glycolysis. Several studies have found abnormal increases in plasma lactate following short period of moderate exercise that cannot be explained by deconditioning.

There is evidence of loss of capacity to recover from acidosis on repeat exercise.

There is evidence of abnormalities of AMPK activation and glucose uptake in cultured skeletal muscle cells in ME/CFS patients.

There is evidence of Abnormalities in pH handling by peripheral muscle.

Possible evidence of an increased acidosis and lactate accumulation.

Gene expression


There is evidence of increased gene expression following muscular exertion.

A 2011 study found that moderate exercise in CFS increased the expression of 13 genes (sensory, adrenergic and 1 cytokine) for 48 hours, and the increases correlated with fatigue and pain levels. (see graph at right)

Second day exercise test
The seminal study on the response by CFS patients to a 2-day cardiopulmonary exercise test was published by J. Mark Van Ness, Christopher R. Snell & Staci R. Stevens in 2007: "Diminished Cardiopulmonary Capacity During Post-Exertional Malaise" A repeat study in 2013 confirmed these results.

In a confirmation study, Doctor Betsy Keller found that patients could not repeat their performance on a second cardiopulmonary exercise test performed a day after the first.

Oxidative impairment



 * DeBecker et al (2000) & VanNess et al (2003) - low VO2 during exercise testing
 * Fulle et al (2000) - oxidative damage to DNA
 * Wong et al (1992) - defect in oxidative metabolism, poor recovery of ATP after exercise

Examples of clinical recommendations
While there has been no research on physical therapy alternatives to graded exercise, and many patients find it harmful, many clinicians recommend some exercise or strength training for patients who are able.

Dr Sarah Myhill
Dr Myhill recommends patients who are well enough engage in strength training, specifically Body by Science created by Dr Doug McGuff and John Little. "If muscle strength is correctly developed, this automatically translates into cardiovascular fitness and increased numbers of mitochondria". Dr Myhill has a page on her web site detailing her recommendations.

Dr. Lucinda Bateman
Dr Bateman encourages her patients to find a way to exercise: "we try to focus on maintaining or improving muscle strength, flexibility and also bit of cardiovascular exercise". She discusses exercise and gene expression in an interview.

Dr. Nancy Klimas
Dr Klimas recommends patients engage in exercise or movement without exceeding a certain heart rate, a proxy for an individual's anaerobic threshold, as established by a VO2 max test.

Workwell Foundation
Workwell Foundation, which specialises in two-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), recommends short periods (eg: 30 seconds) of analeptic exercise, with periods of rest which are 3-6 times longer than the period of exercise. The amount of exercise that the individual undertakes should be guided by VO2 max testing (or a safe heart rate threshold (generally 60% of maximum heart rate)), and the use of a heart rate monitor (both during exercise and to help with pacing) is recommended to ensure that the individual doesn't exceed their capacity. The Foundation also advises against aerobic exercise for people with ME/CFS.

This approach to exercise differs from Graded Exercise Therapy (GET) in several important ways:
 * There is no claim that the exercise program will cure the condition. The aim is to increase functional strength and flexibility, and to improve quality of life, whilst not exacerbating the condition
 * This program is based on a deep understanding of Post-exertional malaise (PEM), and the importance of staying within the energy envelope in order to not trigger PEM
 * There is a recognition that any approach to exercise with people with ME/CFS must be carefully tailored to the individual. There is no one-size fits all
 * This approach utilises objective measures such as VO2 max testing and heart rate monitoring to guide the level of activity suitable for the individual

UK NICE Guidelines
British patient Sally Burch has written about the The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines on maintaining a lower heart rate.

Talks & Interviews

 * 2016, Dr. Mark Van Ness, "Expanding Physical Capability in ME/CFS" Part 1 (of 2)
 * 2016, Dr. Mark Van Ness, "Expanding Physical Capability in ME/CFS" Part 2 (of 2)
 * 2014, Mark VanNess 'Exercise and ME/CFS' at Bristol Watershed. Part One

Studies

 * 2016, Effect of Acute Exercise on Fatigue in People with ME/CFS/SEID: A Meta-analysis

Learn more

 * 2016, Australian metabolomics study of young women with ME/CFS (CCC)
 * 2016, Review Article: Understanding Muscle Dysfunction in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
 * 2016, Lost in Translation - The ME-Polio Connection and the Dangers of Exercise
 * 2015, Dr VanNess on recent press reports (Mark VanNess, January)
 * 2015, Deviant Cellular and Physiological Responses to Exercise in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
 * 2014, Sufferers of chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia have hope in new diagnostic tool