Tramadol

Tramadol is a generic pain reliever drug used in the United States. The US brand names are: ConZip, FusePaq Synapryn, rybix ODT, Ryzolt, Ultram and Ultram ER. Unlike traditional opioids, tramadol exerts its effects through a combination of serotonergic and opioid mechanisms, and is thought to be less habit-forming. At high doses it also has noradrenergic effects. Sleep disturbances are commonly reported if taken too close to bedtime, and with the extended-release versions.

It is used for moderate to moderately severe pain, and pain after surgery. The extended release or long acting form is used on chronic pain.

A three-year study showed a correlation between tramadol consumption and seizure occurrence.

Notable studies
"'In our study, it was seen that seizures occurred both at therapeutic and supratherapeutic ranges without history of epilepsy.'""'Conclusion: In conclusion, the neurotoxicity of tramadol commonly manifests as generalized tonic-clonic seizures, most frequently within 24 hours after tramadol intake, and was more common in subjects concomitantly consuming alcohol, illicit drugs, anti-psychotics, or anti-depressants.'"
 * Tramadol induced seizure: A 3-year study

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 * Low dose naltrexone (Naltrexone) will block opioids. (Answers to FAQ About Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholism - 10. Can I take other medications with naltrexone?)