Myalgic encephalomyelitis

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) is a chronic, inflammatory, physically and neurologically disabling disease that presents with symptoms involving multiple bodily systems. Frequently triggered by a viral infection, it affects the central nervous system (CNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), immune system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, digestive system, and musculoskeletal system. It has been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neurological disease since 1969 and has occurred in both epidemic and sporadic forms since at least the 1930s.

A hallmark symptom of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), which is an intolerance to previously achievable cognitive or physical exertion. Other key symptoms include muscle weakness and easy fatiguability, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction is frequent, although specific symptoms vary from patient to patient and may include postural orthostatic tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, and both cold and heat intolerance. Other common symptoms include myalgia (muscle pain), neuralgia (neuropathic pain), neck and spine stiffness, and sensory symptoms including sensitivity to light, sound, touch, paraesthesia (skin tingling or numbness) and hyperaesthesia (skin sensitivity and pain, and allodynia).

Among adults, ME is more common in women than men. New onset has been observed in children and in adults as old as 80 years old. Its course is usually relapsing-remitting with new symptoms occurring either in discrete relapses (or 'crashes') or accruing over time. There is a progressive form of ME but it is rarer than the relapsing-remitting type.

There are no approved pharmacological treatments for ME anywhere in the world, except in Argentina, which has approved the immunomodulator Ampligen for severe ME/CFS as of August 23, 2016.





History


ME has occurred in both epidemic and sporadic form since at least the 1930s, although is probably much older. The first recorded outbreak of epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis was in 1934 in Los Angeles and was thought to be an outbreak of atypical polio. After the outbreak in Akureyri, Iceland in 1946, the disease came to be called 'Akureyri Disease' or Icelandic disease through much of the 1940s and 1950s. It was named myalgic encephalomyelitis after London's Royal Free Hospital outbreak in 1955. Other names included benign myalgic encephalomyelitis and epidemic neuromyasthenia.

After the Incline Village outbreak in Nevada in 1984, the disease came to be called and redefined as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The most recent putative outbreak was in Arizona in 1996.

Disease Name



 * Myalgic adj. - of or relating to myalgia. Is muscle pain.


 * Encephalo: Refers to the brain.


 * Myel: Relating to the spinal cord.

The name myalgic encephalomyelitis was coined by Dr. Melvin Ramsay following the 1955 Royal Free Hospital outbreak and is a portmanteau of several of the key signs and symptoms of the disease: myalgic (muscle pain), encephalo (brain), myel (spinal cord), itis (inflammation).
 * Itis: Inflammation.

Several other names have been used or proposed throughout the history of the disease, including atypical polio, Icelandic disease, benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, epidemic neuromyasthenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID). This has lead to much confusion as a variety of names have been used at different times to describe discrete outbreaks as well as a larger and potentially more heterogenous population of sporadic cases, defined by a wide variety of case definitions.

A survey by The MEAction Network in 2016 found that the majority of patients prefer the name myalgic encephalomyelitis to other names including chronic fatigue syndrome. Most government agencies and researchers around the world use the term ME/CFS.

Onset
Following after an incubation period of 4 to 7 days, the prodromal phase generally involve a flu-like illness with low-grade fever. In the majority but not all cases, an infection or infectious process is evident. Two to seven days later, a chronic phase commences, characterized by a measurable diffuse change in the function of the central nervous system. It is this second phase, persistent phase that is most ME.

In some patients, the initial presentation involved a severe, incapacitating prolonged illness. In theirs, an apparent remission was followed by relapses brought on by exertion, menstrual period, or cold.

Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms can range from mild to very severe and can include:


 * low-grade fever, temperature instability
 * post-exertional malaise
 * cognitive dysfunction
 * muscle weakness and fatiguability
 * headache
 * myalgia (muscle pain)
 * neuralgia (nerve pain)
 * ataxia (coordination difficulties)
 * gastrointestinal symptoms
 * sleep dysfunction
 * neck and back or spinal cord stiffness
 * sensitivity to light, sound and/or touch
 * sensitivity to heat or cold

Symptoms presentation and severity can vary considerably day to day and even hour to hour. Overexertion can make all symptoms worse, the effects are often delayed and may not be seen within 24 hours. The US National Institutes of Health notes that sensitivity to noise, light and chemical s may force patients to withdraw from society.

The severity of a patient's symptoms often depends on the time period since the disease was contacted and rate of progression of each patient. The rate of progression can be accelerated by physical or cognitive activity beyond a patient's limits, which typically entails anaerobic activity

Post-exertional malaise
A core symptom, post-exertional malaise, is intolerance to previously trivial effort such as walking to the mailbox, running an errand or grocery shopping, taking a shower or brushing teeth, and deterioration of health from persistent or repeated exertion.

Clinical Findings
Although there is no definitive biomarker, several signs and findings have been frequently observed in clinical settings:


 * high antibody titers to specific infections (including EBV, HHV-6, and Coxsackie B among others)
 * hormone imbalance
 * immunological abnormalities
 * low natural killer cell function
 * low red blood cell magnesium
 * natural killer cell (NKC)
 * postural orthostatic tachychardia (POTS)
 * reaction to physical and mental activity and sensory input (PEM)

Diagnosis


There are several proposed criteria for diagnosing ME including the International Consensus Criteria (ICC) and the Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC). The original criteria developed by Melvin Ramsay, the Ramsay definition, is not used for diagnosing ME today.

Other diagnostic criteria
Several, overly broad criteria have been proposed and are in use. These criteria likely capture some patients with the disease characterized in the medical literature on epidemic ME, exclude others, and also include patients with a wide range of other undiagnosed conditions including cancer, depression, and a range of autoimmune diseases. The United Kingdom's Oxford criteria is the broadest and likely most heterogenous definition. (The US Institute of Medicine report called for its complete retirement.) The US Centers for Disease Control's Fukuda criteria, in use since 1994, is also overly broad.

Differential diagnosis
The signs and symptoms of ME can be similar to other medical problems, "such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, lupus, brucellosis, or another condition." Additional testing may be needed to help distinguish ME from these other problems.

Course and Prognosis
ME relapses are often a result of over-activity, but can occur without warning with no obvious inciting factors. Exposure to increased sensory information in light, sound, and movement can provoke a sensory storm.

Infections, such as the common cold, influenza and gastroenteritis, also increase the risk for a relapse. Heat and cold can transiently increase symptoms.

Pregnancy can directly affect the susceptibility for relapse. Later pregnancy appears to offer a natural protection against relapses, and there are anecdotal reports of postpartum remission. However, pregnancy does not seem to influence long-term disability.

About 25% of patients become severe or very severely ill with ME.

Clinical Subtypes
Kerr et al proposed 7 different subsets for 'CFS' as it is defined today:




 * Subtype 1 This is one of the more severe subtypes. Effects are cognitive, musculoskeletal, sleep-related and anxiety/depression.


 * Subtype 2 This is one of the more severe subtypes. Effects are musculoskeletal, pain and anxiety/depression.


 * Subtype 3 This subtype has the mildest symptoms.


 * Subtype 4 This subtype is dominated by cognitive issues.


 * Subtype 5 Effects are musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal.


 * Subtype 6 This subtype is dominated by post-exertional malaise (extreme crash after exercise or exertion.)


 * Subtype 7 This is one of the more severe subtypes. Effects are pain, infections, musculoskeletal, sleep-related, neurological, gastrointestinal, neurocognitive and anxiety/depression.

Pathophysiology


ME is a multi-system disease. Numerous biological abnormalities have been found in multiple bodily system, however no common, central cause or mechanism has yet been elucidated.

Central nervous system
Radiological research on ME has shown hypoperfusion of the brain stem and an abnormal response to exertion, but research on CFS is often inconsistent and must be interpreted with caution. For example, some research stated that a reduced volume of grey matter may be a result of a lack of activity and is reversible with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Immune system
According to a strictly immunological explanation of CFS, the inflammatory processes triggered by T cells create leaks in the blood-brain barrier (a capillary system that should prevent entrance of T-cells in the nervous system). These leaks, in turn, cause a number of other damaging effects such as swelling, activation of macrophages, and more activation of cytokines and other destructive proteins such as Rnase-L. Channelopathy, a reduced ability to move metabolites in and out of cells has been implicated in this process. This may also be applicable to ME.

Chronic infection
Some evidence shows viral infection of muscle and brain in at least a proportion of sufferers. This triggers inflammatory processes, stimulating other immune cells and soluble factors like cytokines and antibodies. A model for late ME has been proposed analogously to post-polio syndrome in which repaired nerve tissue forms inappropriately [The Late Effects of ME: Can they be distinguished from the post-polio syndrome?].

Cardiovascular
Hemodynamic abnormalities are widely found, including serum and RBC hypovolemia, neurally mediated hypotension, (NMH) and cerebral hypoperfusion. Vascular and endothelial abnormalities have been published by MERUK. However, none of these studies used research criteria for ME so the results may not be applicable to ME.

Some cardiologic features such as cardiac insufficiency, inverted T-waves and myofiber disarray have been reported in CFS and recently added to by findings of reduced Q-value. This has led clinician and researcher Dr Paul Cheney to posit that CFS is form of partially compensated cardiomyopathy in which orthostatic intolerance and rapid fatiguability are secondary protective mechanisms. Due to the heterogeneity of the population, a single cause is unlikely, but one-third of people with ME have abnormalities when tested with Holter monitors.

Sex Differences


A Norwegian CFS/ME study shows that the disease affects all ages, with two peak ages of 10-19 years and 30-39 years; it is more common in women than in men. Research by the Open Medicine Foundation cited in its paper, Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome which studied severe CFS, found that the disease is different in men and women but this is not related to testosterone or estrogen. Michael VanElzakker notes there are male and female differences in neuropathic pain. A study of UK and Dutch cohorts found "younger children had a more equal gender balance compared to adolescents and adults."

Potential causes
Although risk factors for myalgic encephalomyelitis have been identified, no single definitive virus has been found in all cases, which has led to the claim that ME is a common end path of a variety of infectious insults. It is still possible ME involves some combination of both environmental and genetic factors. Various theories try to combine the known data into plausible explanations. Several theories suggest that ME is an inappropriate immune response to an infection, a theory bolstered by the observation that there is sometimes a family history of autoimmune disease. There is also a shift from the Th1 type of helper T cells, which fight infection, to the Th2 type, which are more active in allergy and more likely to attack the body.



Viruses
Other theories describe ME as an immune response to a chronic infection. The association between ME and the Coxsackie B, HHV-6, and HHV-7 viruses  suggests a potential viral contribution in at least some individuals. Evidence from epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis strongly point to an enterovirus, however, in most outbreaks, no virus was successfully isolated.

Bacteria
Others believe ME may sometimes result from a chronic infection with spirochetal bacteria, such as lyme disease. Another bacterium that has been implicated in ME is chlamydia pneumoniae. Protein findings relating to several infections have seen found in the oligoclonal bands ME of patients.

The vagus nerve infection hypothesis accounts for why so many different infectious onsets could be responsible. The vagus nerve runs from the brain stem and throughout the body and has an impact on many body systems.

Given the uncertainty regarding the cause, ME and CFS patients are barred from donating blood or organs in the United Kingdom, United States and New Zealand while symptoms persist.

Treatments


There is no cure for ME and no country has approved any pharmacological treatment for the disease except, Argentina which has approved Ampligen for the treatment of severe ME/CFS. However the effectiveness of Ampligen is under dispute. Other off label medications have been used with varying effectiveness in some patients.

Treatments for sleep problems, headaches and pain are utilized by some doctors for some patients although these are treating symptoms and not ME itself.

Success of treating symptoms of ME is not well researched or documented.

An immune system modulator drug called Rituximab has failed in a phase III clinical trial.

Epidemiology
ME has been found world-wide, in at least 75 epidemics documented in published papers from the 1930s to the 1980s. Epidemics often occur in enclosed communities such as schools and hospitals.

As observed in many autoimmune disorders, ME is more common in females than males; the mean sex ratio is approximately 2-3 females for every male. In children the sex ratio is approximately equal.

Co-morbidities
Clinicians have observed several predisposing conditions, co-morbidities, overlapping conditions, and increased risks for secondary diseases in patients with ME. However, as no large-scale epidemiological studies, genetic studies, or family studies have been done, there is little that can be said definitively about the rate or underlying biological reasons for these potentially related conditions. Overlapping diagnostic criteria and the lack of a biomarker in many of these conditions add to the confusion and diagnostic uncertainty. Moreover, certain conditions such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and intracranial hypertension (IIH) are symptoms that can occur in or be co-morbid with numerous conditions, including ME.

The following are some syndromes and diseases that have been associated with or misdiagnosed as ME:


 * fibromyalgia
 * chronic Lyme disease
 * postural orthostatic tachychardia syndrome
 * mast cell activation disorder
 * small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
 * thyroid disease
 * Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
 * endometriosis
 * Sjögren's syndrome
 * mold illness
 * multiple chemical sensitivity
 * environmentally acquired illness
 * chronic inflammatory response syndrome
 * cancer
 * idiopathic intracranial hypertension
 * Chiari malformation
 * craniocervical instability
 * See more diagnoses.

Notable studies
Due to lack of funding by governments around the world there has been little biological research into ME/CFS. There are studies which do reveal neurological involvement, metabolic features, and other abnormalities.
 * 2014, Brains of People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Offer Clues About Disorder


 * 2016, Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome
 * 2016, CDC Multi-site Clinical Assessment of CFS
 * List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis