Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia (FM/FMS) is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas. Muscle pain is widespread, on both sides of the body, and above and below the waist.

Sufferers are fatigued and tired even when sleeping for long periods of time, and sleep is often disrupted by pain. Many FM sufferers have sleep disorders like sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome (RLS). Cognitive impairment, when one cannot focus or pay attention and the patient has difficulty concentrating on mental tasks, is known by FM sufferers as "fibro fog". Some experience depression, headaches, and lower abdominal pain or muscle cramp. Other symptoms include tingling or numbness in hands and feet, pain in jaw and disorders of the jaw such as temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ/TMD), menstrual cycle cramps, and digestive problems like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Other pain conditions are associated with FM, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (Lupus), ankylosing spondylitis, interstitial cystitis, and more.

The United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) lists FM as one of 20 most painful conditions. The NHS describes the pain as diffuse aching or burning, head to toe, and can be worse at some times than at others. The pain can change location. "The fatigue ranges from feeling tired, to the exhaustion of a flu-like illness." The United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states FM "can cause pain, disability, and lower quality of life." The medical guide book Mayo Clinic Guide to Fibromyalgia: Strategies to Take Back Your Life describes fibromyalgia as "a sensory disorder caused by a miscommunication between the nerves through your body and your brain."

The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) created and updates the diagnostic criteria for FM. See: Fibromyalgia (Diagnosis section).



Prevalence
FM is the second most common rheumatic disorder behind osteoarthritis and is "now considered to be a lifelong central nervous system disorder." An estimated 10 million people in the US and 3-6% of the world population have FM. It is seen in women, men, children, and all ethnic groups. It is often seen in families and diagnosed between the ages of 20 to 50 years; incidence increases with age.

FM has a female:male 7:1 ratio under the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 Diagnostic Criteria and 2:1 when the ACR 2010 Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria  is used. See: Fibromyalgia (American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Criteria section). A September 2018, Wolfe et al study Fibromyalgia diagnosis and biased assessment: Sex, prevalence and bias found fewer women and more men are diagnosed under the 2010/11 criteria (this criterion further updated in 2016 ). They found the ratio is F/M 1.5:1. "What we did not find in our unbiased CritFM samples was 9:1 female to male fibromyalgia ratios that are widely described by expert sources [11–13]. We believe that such findings only occur in the presence of selection bias or biased ascertainment.""As unbiased epidemiological studies show only a small increase in the female to male sex ratio (~1.5:1) as opposed to the observed ratio in clinical studies of 9:1, we believe that the over-identification of fibromyalgia in women and the consequent under-identification of men is the result of bias."

Fibromyalgia in ME/CFS
"The most common overlapping condition with ME/CFS is fibromyalgia." While some have posited ME/CFS and FM are variants of the same illness, Benjamin Natelson, MD summoned considerable amounts of data that suggest the two illnesses differ with different pathophysiologic processes leading to different treatments.

Dr. Jarred Younger has said that many patients that meet the criteria for FM also meet criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) but the reverse is not necessarily true as a lot of people with CFS do not have chronic pain. However, the Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC) requires the symptom of pain to diagnose ME/CFS. It is the pattern (on both sides of the body, and above and below the waist) of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (involving muscle, cartilage, ligaments, and connective tissue) in FM that sets it apart from other diseases that have pain; it also causes cognitive symptoms and unrefreshing sleep.

A Swedish study of 234 ME/CFS patients meeting the Canadian Consensus Criteria found that 96% had trigger point pain consistent with fibromyalgia and 67% met the diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia.

Health complications
FM is not a progressive disease but according to Dr. Dan Clauw the "slow gradual worsening of chronic pain patients over time is due to downstream consequences of poorly controlled pain and other symptoms, wherein individuals then progressively get less active, sleep worse, are under more stress and unknowingly develop bad habits which worsen pain and other symptoms."


 * Fibromyalgia Complications


 * "People who have fibromyalgia frequently complain of a variety of symptoms that affect other parts of the body. Many people complain of gastrointestinal issues and restless legs syndrome (RLS). Additionally, the chronic pain and discomfort of fibromyalgia may lead to depression."


 * Can fibromyalgia cause other medical conditions?


 * "Fibromyalgia is not known to cause other medical conditions. However, people who have fibromyalgia seem to be at high risk for developing other painful conditions, including osteoarthritis (the common type of arthritis caused by wear and tear on the joints) as well as other related conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and ankylosing spondylitis. Also, people with fibromyalgia are frequently diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder."

Risk factors
Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are risk factors in developing FM. Car accidents, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), repetitive injuries, illness such as a virus, family history, and obesity have all been linked to FM.

Diagnosis
Tender points, not [trigger points]], are used to diagnose FM. Tender points will be above and below the waist and on both sides of the body. (See: Illustrations of the 1990 and 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Criteria depicting tender points near the top of this page.) It is important to check for other conditions that could be causing pain such as hypothyroidism, RA or lupus, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and polymyalgia rheumatica.

Blood test
EpicGenetics has a blood test that is identifying the presence of specific white blood cell abnormalities of patients diagnosed with FM and has partnered with two universities to offer whole exome sequencing free of charge to those who test positive with their FM/a® test. Most insurance companies will cover the test. EpicGenetics offers help to determine if your insurance will cover their test.

1990 ACR criteria

 * 1990, The American College Of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria For The Classification Of Fibromyalgia "American College of Rheumatology guidelines suggest that people with fibromyalgia have pain in at least 11 of these tender points when a doctor applies a certain amount of pressure."

2010 ACR criteria

 * 2010, The 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia: Overview was proposed and modified in 2011  with the modification being validated in 2013 and published in 2014. September of 2016, another revision has been made.


 * Men do not seem to form the tender points needed for diagnosis under the 1990 criteria, the 2010 proposed criteria diagnoses more men with a F/M ratio of 2:1.
 * Tender points were used to diagnose with the 1990 criteria, however "considerable skill is needed to correctly check for a patient’s tender points (i.e., digital palpation that is done with certain amount of applied pressure), yet this technique is not typically taught at most medical schools."
 * The new standards were designed to:
 * eliminate the use of a tender point examination
 * include a severity scale by which to identify and measure characteristic FM symptoms
 * utilize an index by which to rate pain

There are 19 tender point areas in the widespread pain index (WPI), whereas the 1990 criteria had 18 tender points.

Widespread pain index and Symptom severity
The Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Symptom Severity (SS) are explained in the study Fibromyalgia Syndrome: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. "In place of the tender point count, patients (or their physician) may endorse 19 body regions in which pain has been experienced during the past week. One point is given for each area, so the score is between 0-19. This number is referred to as the Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and it is one of the two required scores needed for a doctor to make a diagnosis of fibromyalgia.""The second part of the score required to assess the diagnosis of fibromyalgia involves the evaluation of a person's symptoms. The patient ranks specific symptoms on a scale of 0-3. These symptoms include: Fatigue, Waking unrefreshed, Cognitive symptoms, Somatic (physical) symptoms in general (such as headache, weakness, bowel problems, nausea, dizziness, numbness / tingling, hair loss, dry eyes, Raynaud's phenomenon, painful urination, and more). The numbers assigned to each are added up, for a total of 0-12.""The diagnosis is based on both the WPI score and the SS score either:"
 * WPI of at least 7 and SS scale score of at least 5, or
 * WPI of 4-6 and SS scale score of at least 9.



The Social Security Administration (SSA) accepts a diagnosis of FM with the 1990 or 2010  ACR criteria. See the Fibromyalgia disability process page.

Sleep study
Sleep dysfunction is often involved in FM. Treating a sleep disorder can help with FM symptoms. A diagnosed sleep disorder is also helpful if one needs to file for disability.


 * What A Sleep Study Can Reveal About Fibromyalgia


 * Fibromyalgia Sufferers Have Difficulty Maintaining Continuous Sleep, Study Says

ICD Diagnostic code
ICD-10

The World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD) lists FM as a "disease of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue", under the code M79.7 (WHO ICD-10 Version: 2016). The WHO's ICD-10 does not refer to FM as a syndrome and it is not classified in the category for medically unexplained symptoms.


 * M79.7 Fibromyalgia
 * Fibromyositis
 * Fibrositis
 * Myofibrositis

In 2015, the US finally adopted ICD-10 and FM as a diagnosis.

ICD-11 (2019)

ICD-11 (2019) has diagnostic code MG30.1 Chronic widespread pain, and changed the category from a Musculoskeletal disease, to the General signs and symptoms category, sometimes referred to as Medically unexplained physical symptoms.


 * MG30.01 Chronic widespread pain

Parent
 * MG30.0 Chronic primary pain

Description "Chronic widespread pain (CWP) is diffuse pain in at least 4 of 5 body regions and is associated with significant emotional distress (anxiety, anger/frustration or depressed mood) or functional disability (interference in daily life activities and reduced participation in social roles). CWP is multifactorial: biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the pain syndrome. The diagnosis is appropriate when the pain is not directly attributable to a nociceptive process in these regions and there are features consistent with nociplastic pain and identified psychological and social contributors."

Inclusions
 * Fibromyalgia

Exclusions
 * Acute pain (MG31)

Pathophysiology
"Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder with unknown etiology and unclear pathophysiology. There is no evidence that a single event “causes” FM. Rather, many physical and/or emotional stressors may trigger or aggravate symptoms. These have included certain infections, such as a viral illness or Lyme disease, as well as emotional or physical trauma." The widespread pain is severe, debilitating, and abnormal in processing its pain. There is also sleep disturbance and fatigue. Cause or causes are unproven.


 * May 2012, Fibromyalgia Syndrome: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management See Table 1: "Conditions associated with fibromyalgia." Musculoskeletal, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and miscellaneous conditions often exist among fibromyalgia patients.

"Pathophysiology: Although the etiology remains unclear, characteristic alterations in the pattern of sleep and changes in neuroendocrine transmitters such as serotonin, substance P, growth hormone and cortisol suggest that regulation of the autonomic and neuro-endocrine system appears to be the basis of the syndrome. Fibromyalgia is not a life-threatening, deforming, or [progressive disease. Anxiety and depression are the most common association. Aberrant pain processing, which can result in chronic pain, may be the result of several interplaying mechanisms. Central sensitization, blunting of inhibitory pain pathways and alterations in neurotransmitters lead to aberrant neuro-chemical processing of sensory signals in the CNS, thus lowering the threshold of pain and amplification of normal sensory signals causing constant pain."

"The frequent co-morbidity of fibromyalgia with mood disorders suggests a major role for the stress response and for neuroendocrine abnormalities. The hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) is a critical component of the stress-adaptation response. In FMS, stress adaptation response is disturbed leading to stress induce symptoms. Psychiatric co-morbidity has been associated with FMS and needs to be identified during the consultation process, as this requires special consideration during treatment."


 * May 2018, A comparison of the clinical manifestation and pathophysiology of myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia: implications for differential diagnosis and management


 * Jun 2018, SNPs in inflammatory genes CCL11, CCL4 and MEFV in a fibromyalgia family study

"SNPs with significant TDTs were found in 36% of the cohort for CCL11 and 12% for MEFV, along with a protein variant in CCL4 (41%) that affects CCR5 down-regulation, supporting an immune involvement for FM."


 * Jul 2018, Primary and Secondary Fibromyalgia Share Same Symptom Burden, Study Suggests

"Fibromyalgia can be considered either primary, or dominant, also known as idiopathic fibromyalgia, or secondary. In the primary form, the causes of the disorder are unknown, but in secondary fibromyalgia, the disorder usually occurs alongside other debilitating medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus, and multiple sclerosis."

Immune system research
Dr. Jarred Younger believes an overactive immune system is the cause and will be conducting a study to test this hypothesis. An overactive immune system can cause inflammation and chronic pain.

Dr. William Pridgen's research of HSV-1 (cold sore virus) as being involved in FM has conducted a successful Phase III clinical trial, which had been fast-tracked by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), of a combination drug that suppresses this virus and also helps with pain.

On September 5th, 2018, EpicGenetics announced that Massachusetts General Hospital received approval from the FDA to test the BCG vaccine (an old Tuberculosis vaccine) on patients that tested positive with its FM/a® test.

Recognizing FM may involve activation of the immune system researchers performed exome sequencing on chemokine genes in a region of chromosome 17 identified in a genome-wide family association study. Their conclusion: "SNPs with significant TDTs were found in 36% of the cohort for CCL11 and 12% for MEFV, along with a protein variant in CCL4 (41%) that affects CCR5 down-regulation, supporting an immune involvement for FM."

Brain and spinal cord research
A 2004 study by Heffez et al. studied 270 patients with FM and found that 46% had cervical spinal stenosis and 20% chiari malformation. In 2007, Heffez et al. saw significant improvement in physical and mental well-being was found in patients with cervical stenosis who received surgery. A second study in 2007 by Andrew Holman found that 71% had cervical spinal cord compression. It is important to note that in the past many patients were misdiagnosed with FM when further testing would have revealed the true source of their pain; the 2010 (updated in 2016) ACR criteria has helped curb misdiagnoses.

Various types of brain imaging are being used to research FM. (See: Fibromyalgia notable studies for images.)

In 2002, an fMRI study conducted by Richard Gracely and Daniel Claw found people with FM "have measurable pain signals in their brains, from a gentle finger squeeze that barely feels unpleasant to people without the disease." A 2007 study by Borsook et al., Neuroimaging revolutionizes therapeutic approaches to chronic pain found decreased gray matter density relative to controls in cingulate cortex (CC), medial prefrontal cortex (Med. PFC), parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and insula. In 2015, Loggia et al. imaged neuroinflammation due to glial activation using MR/PET imaging. In 2017, López-Solà et al. identified three brain patterns based on fMRI responses to pressure pain and non-painful multisensory stimulation. "These patterns, taken together, discriminate FM from matched healthy controls with 92% sensitivity and 94% specificity." In 2018, Albrecht et al used PET scans to document glial activation. Also in 2018, Martucci et al. found unbalanced activity between the ventral and dorsal cervical spinal cord. Ventral neural processes were increased and dorsal neural processes were decreased which may reflect the presence of central sensitization contributing to fatigue and other bodily symptoms in FM.

Insulin resistance research

 * May 2019, insulin resistance the cause of fibromyalgia? A preliminary report (Full text)
 * Age-normalized data was found to show a relationship between insulin resistance/pre-diabetes and Fibromyalgia. In a preliminary study, Fibromyalgia patients were treated with metformin, a common medication for diabetes, and showed a large improvement in myofascial pain.

Fibromyalgia is not depression
"Depression doesn't cause the pain of fibromyalgia, a new study shows."
 * Oct 24, 2003, Fibromyalgia Isn't Depression

"'People still doubt fibromyalgia is a disease,' Giesecke tells WebMD. 'Previously, we found that fibromyalgia patients really do have increased central pain processing. Now we can show this is not affected by depression. Something is wrong here, and it is not at all connected with depression.'"

"'Giesecke's group looked at brain responses to painful stimuli, and then checked to see if there was any difference between depressed and nondepressed fibromyalgia patients. They showed the activation of areas of the brain related to pain were not different in patients with and without depression.' But there is a difference between people with and without fibromyalgia, he says.""The researchers use an imaging device called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, to look at how the brain responds to pain. Study participants get a mildly painful pressure on their thumb, which makes the brain's pain centers 'light up' on the image. Thumb pressure -- at a level healthy people hardly feel -- sets off a firestorm in the pain centers of fibromyalgia patients' brains." "The study the APA referred to was published in the June issue of Brain, a journal of neurology. The researchers investigated the function and structure of small nerve fibers in 25 FM patients, 10 patients with monopolar depression without pain and with healthy control subjects. Using three different methods of testing, the researchers found that compared with control subjects, patients with fibromyalgia, but not patients with depression, had impaired small fiber function.""The Psychiatric News alert quoted the study authors saying, 'This strengthens the notion that fibromyalgia syndrome is not a variant of depression, but rather represents an independent entity that may be associated with depressive symptoms,' the researchers said. Furthermore, the findings point 'towards a neuropathic nature of pain in fibromyalgia syndrome.'" "Fibromyalgia is often misdiagnosed as a number of other illnesses. Though fibro has its own unique set of diagnostic criteria, many of its symptoms can mimic symptoms of other conditions – both physical and mental, acute and chronic.""One of the most common conditions fibromyalgia gets mistaken for is depression. While each condition causes a unique set of symptoms, many of them may overlap. Like fibro, depression can cause physical symptoms such as pain, fatigue and brain fog. And living with a chronic physical symptoms can have significant effects on your mood, sometimes causing feelings of hopelessness, anxiety or general discontent – which are also symptoms of depression."
 * Jun 30, 2013, Psychiatrists Admit Fibromyalgia is Neuropathic - Not a Form of Depression
 * Jan 10, 2019, 17 Signs You Have Fibromyalgia, Not 'Just' Depression

Comorbidities, overlapping conditions, and common symptoms



 * Allodynia
 * Allodynia: A Rare & Distinct Type of Pain in Fibromyalgia & ME/CFS Types of Allodynia: Tactile; Mechanical; and Thermal. "Type of pain, generally on the skin, that's caused by something that wouldn't normally cause pain."
 * Autoimmune diseases "Research suggests that RA and other inflammatory diseases may somehow increase the risk for fibromyalgia."


 * Body temperature (See: small fiber peripheral neuropathy for temperature sensitivity; burning, tingling, and prickling due to paresthesia; numbness; dry eyes and dry mouth; and more.)
 * Temperature Sensitivity in Fibromyalgia & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

"When you're exposed to heat, does it feel like you're burning up? Does it seem impossible for you to cool off? Or maybe it's cold that bothers you, chilling you to the bone, leaving you unable to warm up? Or are you one of those people with fibromyalgia (FMS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) who is cold all the time, or hot all the time, or alternately hot or cold while out of sync with the environment?"




 * Costochondritis - What You Need To Know

"Costochondritis is a condition that causes pain in the cartilage that connect your ribs to your sternum (breastbone). Cartilage is the tough, bendable tissue that protects your bones where they rub against each other."Costochondritis causes pain in the area where your sternum joins with your ribs. The pain may come and go, and may get worse over time. The pain may be sharp, or dull and aching. It may be painful to touch your chest. The pain may spread to your back, abdomen, or down your arm. It may get worse when you move, breathe deeply, or push or lift an object. The pain may make it hard for you to sleep or do your usual activities. "People tend to describe the pain as stabbing, burning, aching, confined to one spot, usually in the very center of the chest, but it may radiate outward."


 * Depression and Anxiety

Fibromyalgia sufferers are "up to three times more likely to have depression at the time of their diagnosis than someone without fibromyalgia." Up to 20 percent of FM patients will have either depression or anxiety.
 * Dry eye syndrome
 * Fibromyalgia and Dry Eyes and Mouth


 * Fatigue
 * 19 Important Causes of Fatigue – Tiredness and Chronic Fatigue Explained See: 3. Fibromyalgia "Fatigue is a universal symptom of fibromyalgia. It is often most marked when arising from sleep in the morning.  A typical quote is “No matter how much sleep I get, it feels like a truck ran me over in the morning (20).” Minor activities often seem to aggravate the fatigue."


 * Fibro fog and Cognitive dysfunction


 * What is Fibro Fog? - Fibromyalgia and Cognitive Dysfunction 'Mental confusion along with difficulty in concentration and loss of memory is often termed “fibro fog"'.


 * Study Identifies the Types of Cognitive Dysfunction That Are Most Prevalent in Fibromyalgia


 * Gastrointestinal system
 * Irritable bowel syndrome: Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Fibromyalgia & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Why Do They Go Together?


 * "Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) frequently go together. No one really knows why, but we do know that all three conditions can include imbalances of serotonin -- although in fibromyalgia (FMS) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS or ME/CFS) it's an imbalance in the brain, while with IBS it's in the gut."


 * Gulf War Illness
 * Fibromyalgia in Gulf War Veterans GWI increases risk of developing fibromyalgia.


 * Interstitial cystitis (painful bladder)
 * Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome & Interstitial Cystitis "Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and interstitial cystitis (IC) -- a painful bladder condition -- frequently occur together. Women may be up to 10 times more likely than men to develop it."
 * Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and associated medical conditions with an emphasis on irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.


 * Language Impairment
 * Word-finding problems
 * Language Impairment in Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Impaired Language in Fibromyalgia & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome "Searching their brains for simple words that they just can't remember. On other occasions, individuals with these diagnoses may find it hard to write or even understand language."


 * "The diagnosis of aphasia is a condition that robs you of the ability to communicate. It can affect your ability to speak, write and understand language, both verbal and written" but with dysphasia you will have those symptoms and trouble listening and doing numeral calculations. See also: Dyscalculia.


 * ME/CFS
 * Comorbid Conditions in Fibromyalgia & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome


 * Migraine
 * Migraines and Fibromyalgia

"Both fibromyalgia and migraine may reflect problems in the brain’s pain processing center. It is believed that both conditions are caused by excitation of the nervous system or an over-response to stimuli. Stress is usually cited as a trigger for both migraine and fibromyalgia attacks."
 * Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) It is thought that both Fibromyalgia and MCS are central sensitivity syndromes.


 * OBGYN
 * Menstrual Periods with Fibromyalgia: Personal Stories
 * Fibromyalgia Tied to Hysterectomy, Gynecologic Disease.
 * "You may have heard about a possible link between gynecologic surgery (such as a hysterectomy) and the development of fibromyalgia, and doctors have long suspected that fibromyalgia has strong hormonal ties and triggers. This does not seem surprising as we've long suspected a link between endocrine disorders, gynecological conditions, and autoimmune conditions."


 * Orthostatic intolerance (OI) and Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)


 * Symptoms Predict the Outcome of Tilt Table Testing in CFS/ME/FM (PDF) Symptoms can include low blood pressure and/or sudden high blood pressure, dizziness, fainting.


 * An Overlooked Issue in Fibromyalgia? Study Highlights Problems Standing (Orthostatic Intolerance)


 * Raynaud's Syndrome
 * Raynaud's Syndrome in Fibromyalgia & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome "In Raynaud's syndrome, the blood vessels constrict more than they should, which allows less blood to get through. That not only makes your extremities cold, it makes them extremely difficult to warm up. The most commonly affected body parts are the fingers and toes, but your lips, nose, ear lobes, knees, and nipples may also be involved.""Raynaud's isn't all about the cold, though. The diminished blood flow can cause pain in the affected areas, and it may also cause the skin there to turn blue. Skin ulcers (sores) are possible, since prolonged episodes of low blood flow can damage your tissues."


 * Sleep dysfunction
 * Sleep is associated with task-negative brain activity in fibromyalgia participants with comorbid chronic insomnia


 * "The present results of this study suggest that long-term, comorbid pain and sleep disturbance may be associated with increased activation in core default mode brain areas that is above and beyond long-term pain disturbance alone."


 * Fibromyalgia and Sleep "Most people with fibromyalgia have an associated sleep disorder that makes it difficult for them to get the deep, restorative sleep they need."


 * Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ/TMD)


 * Temporomandibular disorders in fibromyalgia syndrome: a short-communication


 * Other than headaches, the symptoms are quite distinct from symptoms of FMS and ME/CFS.


 * They include:
 * Jaw pain
 * Discomfort or difficulty chewing
 * Painful clicking in the jaw
 * Difficulty opening or closing the mouth
 * Headaches
 * Locking jaw
 * Teeth that don't come together properly


 * Thyroid disease
 * Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease


 * "People with Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroid disease often experience significant fatigue and body aches. While these symptoms are common in Hashimoto's, they can also be markers of other diseases, like chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia."


 * Other symptoms
 * Symptoms of Fibromyalgia (On all the many symptoms and conditions of and related to fibromyalgia.)
 * Fibromyalgia Syndrome: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management Conditions associated with fibromyalgia. (Table 1)

United States
Rheumatology and primary care providers: Diagnosing and treatment


 * 2012, A Framework for Fibromyalgia Management for Primary Care Providers Rheumatologists stopped treating fibromyalgia patients and primary care providers began treatment managment although rheumatologists are most often the specialist to diagnose. (Please see disability heading about primary provider and specialists for disability cases.)

Exercise
Please Note: These treatments are for fibromyalgia patients and not ME/CFS sufferers due to it's hallmark symptom of post-exertional malaise.


 * Warm Water Exercise for Fibromyalgia

"Several studies have found that warm-water pool exercise is a beneficial treatment for fibromyalgia. A very large survey of patients found that 26% have used pool therapy, rating it as very effective. The same survey found 74% of patients found heat helpful - either warm water or heat packs. Warm water especially important in FMS because many people with the condition are intolerant of cold. A warm-water pool is one that's kept around 89.6 degrees Fahrenheit (32 Celsius), which is several degrees warmer than most heated pools."


 * Moderate aerobic exercise and weights with six to eight reps and then a day or two of rest in between. Do not start a program if you are in a flare.


 * Easy fibromyalgia exercises and motivation to keep you healthy! Video


 * Fibromyalgia Myth vs. Fact Heading: Myth #3: People With Fibromyalgia Need More Exercise. Appropriate exercise, which each patient needs to gauge for themselves.

Massage

 * 2014, Massage Therapy for Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials


 * 2016, Massage, Rolfing & Other Bodywork - Are They Effective Fibromyalgia & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Treatments?

Acupuncture

 * 2004, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) ruled April 16, 2004, a noncoverage determination for acupuncture.


 * 2005, Acupuncture Good for Fibromyalgia? "Acupuncture gave no significant pain relief to fibromyalgia patients."


 * 2016, Short-term complementary and alternative medicine on quality of life in women with fibromyalgia "There was no significant improvement in pain or reduction of tender points in any of the groups studied, at the end of the 8th session."


 * 2016, Acupuncture Does Not Appear to Relieve Pain in Fibromyalgia Patients

Dr. Frederick Wolfe
Dr. Frederick Wolfe, the director of the National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases and the lead author of the 1990 paper that first defined the diagnostic guidelines for fibromyalgia, says he has become cynical and discouraged about the diagnosis. He now considers the condition a physical response to stress, depression, and economic and social anxiety.

Fibromyalgia vs Chiari malformation
Some individuals diagnosed with FMS were undergoing surgery for chiari malformation (CM). These are two separate conditions; FMS cannot be resolved by undergoing a risky CM surgery.


 * 2011, Is Chiari I malformation associated with fibromyalgia?
 * Conclusion: Most patients with FM do not have CIM pathology. Future studies should focus on dynamic neuroimaging of craniocervical neuroanatomy in patients with FM.


 * 2015, CFS/FM and Chiari Malformation Surgery

Learn more

 * The Science of Fibromyalgia - Daniel Clauw, Lesley Arnold, and Bill McCarber for the FibroCollaborative
 * Forum: Fibromyalgia and Connective Tissue Disorders at Science for ME
 * Verywell FMS/CFS

Diagnosing and categorizing fibromyalgia

 * 2014, Lyme Disease, Fibromyalgia Link Evaporates (See also: Chronic lyme disease)
 * 2015, Fibromyalgia now considered as a lifelong central nervous system disorder
 * 2015, Foundation of Fibromyalgia Is Altered Central Nervous System, New Study Validates
 * 2016, Diagnosing Fibromyalgia May Be Possible Using Noninvasive Eye Examination
 * 2016, Are Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Fibromyalgia Immune Exhaustion Disorders?
 * 2017, Study Reveals New Treatment Target for Fibromyalgia: Inflammation in the Brain
 * 2017, AI can spot the pain from a disease some doctors still think is fake
 * 2018, Understanding the Pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia
 * 2018, Fibromyalgia: Central Sensitization Syndrome - Characterizing classes of fibromyalgia within the continuum of central sensitization syndrome

Blood tests

 * 2013, New Fibromyalgia Blood Test is 99% Accurate
 * 2014, Pridgen Reports Fibromyalgia Antiviral Trial Results “Very Positive”: Predicts New Approach Will Be “Game-Changer”
 * 2016, Blood Test for Fibromyalgia: FM/a Test Ⓡ is now available, Q&A
 * 2016, Fibromyalgia blood testing covered by rising number of insurance companies
 * 2017, EpicGenetics, with the Assistance of Leading Medical Centers, Expands Clinical Study of FM/a® Test to Diagnose Fibromyalgia, Identify Genetic Markers Unique to the Disorder and Explore Direct Treatment Approaches

Brain scans

 * 2002, Fibromyalgia Pain Isn't All In Patient's Heads, New Brain Study Finds
 * 2012, Fibromyalgia and the brain: New clues reveal how pain and therapies are processed
 * 2018, People with fibromyalgia have inflammation of the brain
 * 2018, Brain Inflammation Imaged for First Time in Fibromyalgia Patients, Study Reports<