Bayesian reasoning

Bayesian reasoning, also called Bayesian inference or probabilistic reasoning, is a means of assessing probability in order to incorporate new information with the most accuracy. It encourages assessing confidence in a hypothesis as a matter of degree that may be adjusted depending on the reliability of new information that tends either to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

Bayes Theorum
Bayesian reasoning is derived from Bayes Theorum.

Use in medicine
Bayesian reasoning comes up frequently in medicine and scientific research with regard to the correct interpretation of test results, particularly in accurately accounting for the possibility of a false positive or false negative.