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Zonulin
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'''Zonulin''' is an [[inflammatory]] [[protein]] that regulates [[intestinal permeability]] by opening or closing the tight junctions between cells in the lining of the [[digestive tract]].<ref>[http://physrev.physiology.org/content/91/1/151 Zonulin and Its Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function: The Biological Door to Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Cancer], Alessio Fasano Physiological Reviews Published 1 January 2011 Vol. 91 no. 1, 151-175 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2008</ref> Zonulin is uncleaved [[haptoglobin]].<ref>[http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=HP Haptoglobin gene], Genecards.org</ref> ==Disease risk== In normal physiology, it provides protection against gut infection. Zonulin is [[bacteria|antimicrobial]] and [[malaria|antimilarial]]. However, it has been linked increased risk of [[diabetes#Type_1|type 1 diabetes]]<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943850/ The role of Haptoglobin and its related protein, Zonulin, in inflammatory bowel disease], Tim Vanuytsel, Séverine Vermeire, and Isabelle Cleynen*, Tissue Barriers. 2013 Dec 1; 1(5): e27321.</ref>, [[Crohn's disease]], [[inflammatory disease]], [[primary sclerosing cholangitis]], and susceptibility to idiopathic [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>[http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=HP Haptoglobin gene], Genecards.org</ref> ===Gluten sensitivity=== [[Gliadin]] (glycoprotein present in wheat) activates zonulin, leading to increased [[intestinal permeability]] to macromolecules. Zonulin expression is increased in individuals who have [[gluten sensitivity]], whether or not they have [[celiac disease]].<ref>[http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/09/459061317/a-protein-in-the-gut-may-explain-why-some-cant-stomach-gluten A Protein In The Gut May Explain Why Some Can't Stomach Gluten], NPR, December 9, 2015</ref> Increased expression may be a risk factor for [[autoimmune disease]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384703/ Zonulin, regulation of tight junctions, and autoimmune diseases], Alessio Fasano, Ann N Y Acad Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 Jul 1.</ref> ==Learn more== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonulin Zonulin], Wikipedia *[http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/09/459061317/a-protein-in-the-gut-may-explain-why-some-cant-stomach-gluten A Protein In The Gut May Explain Why Some Can't Stomach Gluten], NPR, December 9, 2015 ==See also== *[[Intestinal permeability]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Body systems]]
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