Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus: Difference between revisions

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'''Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus''' (XMRV) is "a laboratory-derived mouse virus that was generated through recombination between two endogenous murine retroviruses during propagation of a prostate cancer xenograft in the mid-1990’s."<ref>[http://sciencewatch.com/articles/ncis-vinay-k-pathak-de-discovery-retrovirus-disease-link NCI'S Vinay K. Pathak on the "De-Discovery" of a retrovirus-disease link]</ref>
'''Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus''' (XMRV) is "a laboratory-derived mouse virus that was generated through recombination between two endogenous murine retroviruses during propagation of a prostate cancer xenograft in the mid-1990’s."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.sciencewatch.com/ | title = ScienceWatch.com - Clarivate Analytics|website=archive.sciencewatch.com|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>


==Chronic fatigue syndrome==
==Chronic fatigue syndrome==
An October 2009 paper by [[Vincent Lombardi]], [[Francis Ruscetti]], Jaydip Das Gupta, [[Max Pfost]], Kathryn S. Hagen, [[Daniel Peterson]], [[Sandra Ruscetti]], Rachel K. Bagni, Cari Petrow-Sadowski, Bert Gold, Michael Dean, [[Robert Silverman]] [[Judy Mikovits]] entitled "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]" claimed to have found a link between [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] and the presence of the retrovirus.<ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5952/585 Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]</ref> The paper's primary authors were at that time based at the [[Whittemore Peterson Institute]] (WPI) in Reno, Nevada, United States. The WPI soon began offering a controversial commercial XMRV testing service.<ref>[http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=15552 WPI-Licensed Test for XMRV & Variants Now Available]</ref><ref>[http://www.meassociation.org.uk/2010/04/xmrv-testing-in-the-uk/ XMRV testing in the UK]</ref>
An October 2009 paper by [[Vincent Lombardi]], [[Francis Ruscetti]], Jaydip Das Gupta, [[Max Pfost]], Kathryn S. Hagen, [[Daniel Peterson]], [[Sandra Ruscetti]], Rachel K. Bagni, Cari Petrow-Sadowski, Bert Gold, Michael Dean, [[Robert Silverman]], and [[Judy Mikovits]], entitled "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]", claimed to have found a link between [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] and the presence of the retrovirus.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Mikovits | first = Judy A. | last2 = Silverman |  first2 = Robert H. | last3 = Dean | first3=Michael | last4 = Gold | first4=Bert | last5 = Petrow-Sadowski | first5 = Cari|last6 = Bagni | first6 = Rachel K. | last7 = Ruscetti | first7 = Sandra K. | last8 = Peterson | first8 = Daniel L. | last9 = Hagen | first9 = Kathryn S. | date = 2009-10-23 | title = Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5952/585|journal=Science|language=en|volume=326|issue=5952|pages=585–589|doi=10.1126/science.1179052 |issn=0036-8075|pmid=19815723}}</ref> The paper's primary authors were at that time based at the [[Whittemore Peterson Institute]] (WPI) in Reno, Nevada, [[United States]]. The WPI soon began offering a controversial commercial XMRV testing service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prohealth.com/library/wpi-licensed-test-for-xmrv-variants-now-available-27560 | title = WPI-Licensed Test for XMRV & Variants Now Available | last =ProHealth| date = 2010-08-23 | website = Prohealth|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2010/04/xmrv-testing-in-the-uk/ | title = XMRV testing in the UK|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>


Other labs around the world were unable to detect XMRV in their patient samples. In July 2011 the journal issued an editorial expression of concern about the paper.<ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6038/35.1 Editorial Expression of Concern]</ref>
Other labs around the world were unable to detect XMRV in their patient samples. In July 2011 the journal issued an editorial expression of concern about the paper.<ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6038/35.1 Editorial Expression of Concern]</ref>


The paper was fully retracted in December 2011 by the journal.<ref>[http://retractionwatch.com/2011/12/22/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-xmrv-paper-retracted-by-science-completely-this-time/ Chronic fatigue syndrome-XMRV paper retracted by Science, completely this time]</ref><ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/334/6063/1636.1 Retraction]</ref>
The paper was fully retracted in December 2011 by the journal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2011/12/22/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-xmrv-paper-retracted-by-science-completely-this-time/ | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome-XMRV paper retracted by Science, completely this time | last =Oransky | first = Ivan|authorlink=| date = 2011-12-22 | website = Retraction Watch|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Alberts | first = Bruce | date = 2011-12-23 | title = Retraction|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/334/6063/1636.1|journal=Science|language=en|volume=334|issue=6063|pages=1636–1636|doi=10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a |issn=0036-8075|pmid=22194552}}</ref>


One of the key scientists involved in efforts to clarify the situation surrounding XMRV, and eventually to debunk the science, was [[Ian Lipkin]] of Columbia University in New York.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/news/the-scientist-who-put-the-nail-in-xmrv-s-coffin-1.11444 The scientist who put the nail in XMRV's coffin]</ref>
One of the key scientists involved in efforts to clarify the situation surrounding XMRV, and eventually to debunk the science, was [[Ian Lipkin]] of Columbia University in New York.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Callaway | first = Ewen | title = The scientist who put the nail in XMRV's coffin|url=http://www.nature.com/news/the-scientist-who-put-the-nail-in-xmrv-s-coffin-1.11444|journal=Nature News|language=en|doi=10.1038/nature.2012.11444}}</ref>


Doctor [[Judy Mikovits|Mikovits]] has maintained her view that XMRV is a public health risk and documents those views in her book [[Plague]] with co-author [[Kent Heckenlively]].<ref>[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/plague-update-xmrv PLAGUE – The Update on XMRV]</ref><ref>[http://retractionwatch.com/2014/03/11/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-researcher-mikovits-who-championed-link-to-xmrv-to-publish-book/ Tracking retractions as a window into the scientific process Chronic fatigue syndrome researcher Mikovits, who championed link to XMRV, to publish book]</ref>
Doctor [[Judy Mikovits|Mikovits]] has maintained her view that XMRV is a public health risk and documents those views in her book [[Plague]] with co-author [[Kent Heckenlively]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/plague-update-xmrv | title = PLAGUE – The Update on XMRV| date = 2015-07-03 | website = greenmedinfo.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2014/03/11/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-researcher-mikovits-who-championed-link-to-xmrv-to-publish-book/ | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome researcher Mikovits, who championed link to XMRV, to publish book | last =Oransky | first = Ivan|authorlink=| date = 2014-03-11 | website = Retraction Watch|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>


Mainstream science considers XMRV to be a laboratory artefact and not a threat to human health or related to chronic fatigue syndrome.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotropic_murine_leukemia_virus-related_virus#Chronic_fatigue_syndrome Wikipedia - XMRV - Chronic fatigue syndrome]</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/09/final-study-confirms-virus-not-implicated-chronic-fatigue-syndrome Final Study Confirms: Virus Not Implicated in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]</ref>
Mainstream science considers XMRV to be a laboratory artefact and not a threat to human health or related to chronic fatigue syndrome.{{Citation needed|reason=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/09/final-study-confirms-virus-not-implicated-chronic-fatigue-syndrome | title = Final Study Confirms: Virus Not Implicated in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | last =Enserink | first = Martin|authorlink=| date = 2012-09-18 | website = Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-08-07 | last3 = | first3 = }}</ref>
 
In May of 2020, Mikovits released a preview for a documentary, ''Plandemic''.  It was removed from YouTube, Facebook, and other platforms, as it was flagged as health misinformation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-05-08/youtube-facebook-coronavirus-plandemic | title = Facebook and YouTube race to squash viral video full of coronavirus lies| date = 2020-05-09 | website = Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10 | last =Dean | first = Sam | authorlink=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref>


==Notable studies==
==Notable studies==
*2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358491 Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and the Safety of the Blood Supply]
*2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358491 Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and the Safety of the Blood Supply]
*2017, [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00108/full XMRV and Public Health: The Retroviral Genome Is Not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR, and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable]


==Studies unable to detect XMRV in CFS patients==
==Studies unable to detect XMRV in ME/CFS patients==
*2012, (USA) ''A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus.'' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3448165/ (FULL TEXT)]<ref>Alter, H. J., [[Judy Mikovits|Mikovits, J. A.]], Switzer, W. M., Ruscetti, F. W., Lo, S.-C., [[Nancy Klimas|Klimas, N.]], … [[Ian Lipkin|Lipkin, W. I.]] (2012). A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus. mBio, 3(5), e00266–12. http://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00266-12</ref>
 
*2011, (USA) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543496 ''Absence of XMRV retrovirus and other murine leukemia virus-related viruses in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.'']<ref>Shin CH, [[Lucinda Bateman|Bateman L]], Schlaberg R, Bunker AM, Leonard CJ, Hughen RW, [[Alan Light|Light AR]], [[Kathleen Light|Light KC]], Singh IR. (2011) Absence of XMRV retrovirus and other murine leukemia virus-related viruses in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. ''Journal of Virology''. 2011 Jul;85(14):7195-202. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00693-11.</ref>
*2010, (UK), ''Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome''<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Groom | first = Harriet CT | last2 = Boucherit | first2=Virginie C. | last3 = Makinson | first3=Kerry | last4 = Randal | first4 = Edward | last5 = Baptista | first5 = Sarah|last6 = Hagan | first6 = Suzanne | last7 = Gow | first7 = John W. | last8 = Mattes | first8 = Frank M. | last9 = Breuer | first9 = Judith| date = 2010-02-15 | title = Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-7-10|journal=Retrovirology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=10|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-7-10 |issn=1742-4690|pmc =  2839973|pmid=20156349}}</ref> [http://retrovirology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4690-7-10 (Full Text)]
*2011, (USA) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22312356 ''Failure to Detect XMRV-Specific Antibodies in the Plasma of CFS Patients Using Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Immunoassays.'']<ref>Oakes B, Qiu X, Levine S, Hackett J Jr, Huber BT. (2011). Failure to Detect XMRV-Specific Antibodies in the Plasma of CFS Patients Using Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Immunoassays. ''Advances in Virology,2011'':854540. doi: 10.1155/2011/854540.</ref>
*2010, (UK), ''Failure to detect the novel retrovirus XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome.''<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Erlwein | first = Otto | last2 = Kaye | first2 = Steve | last3 = McClure | first3 = Myra O. | last4 = Weber | first4=Jonathan | last5 = Wills | first5 = Gillian|last6 = Collier | first6 = David | last7 = Wessely | first7 = Simon | last8 = Cleare | first8 = Anthony | date = 2010-01-06 | editor-last = Nixon | editor-first = Douglas F. | title=Failure to Detect the Novel Retrovirus XMRV in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008519|journal=PLoS ONE|language=en|volume=5|issue=1| pages = e8519|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0008519 |issn=1932-6203|pmc =  2795199|pmid=20066031}}</ref>
*2011, (Canada) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219700/ ''No Evidence for XMRV Nucleic Acids, Infectious Virus or Anti-XMRV Antibodies in Canadian Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'' - (FULL TEXT)]<ref>Imke Steffen, D. Lorne Tyrrell, [[Eleanor Stein]], Leilani Montalvo, Tzong-Hae Lee, Yanchen Zhou, Kai Lu, William M. Switzer, Shaohua Tang, Hongwei Jia, Darren Hockman, Deanna M. Santer, Michael Logan, Amir Landi, John Law, [[Michael Houghton]], and Graham Simmons. (2011). No Evidence for XMRV Nucleic Acids, Infectious Virus or Anti-XMRV Antibodies in Canadian Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 6(11), e27870. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027870</ref>
*2010, (Netherlands), ''Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort'' [http://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c1018 - (Full Text)] <ref>{{Cite journal | last =Meer | first=Jos W. M. van der | last2=Galama | first2 = Jochem M. D. | last3 = Netea | first3 = Mihai G. | last4 = Bleijenberg | first4 = Gijs | last5 = Swanink | first5 = Caroline M.A. | last6 = Melchers | first6 = Willem J.G. |last7 = Verhaegh | first7 = Gerald W. | last8 = Lanke | first8 = Kjerstin H. | last9 = Jong | first9 = Arjan S. de | date = 2010-02-26 | title = Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c1018|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=340|pages=c1018|doi=10.1136/bmj.c1018 |issn=0959-8138|pmid=20185493}}</ref>
*2011, (Japan) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3065418/ ''No association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus with prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome in Japan'' - (FULL TEXT)]<ref>Furuta, R. A., Miyazawa, T., Sugiyama, T., Kuratsune, H., Ikeda, Y., Sato, E., … Hirayama, F. (2011). No association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus with prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome in Japan. Retrovirology, 8, 20. http://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-8-20</ref>  
*2010, (China), ''Failure to detect Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in Chinese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome'' [http://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-7-224 - (Full Text)] <ref>{{Cite journal | last =Hong | first = Ping | last2 = Li | first2 = Jinming | last3 = Li | first3 = Yongzhe | date = 2010 | title=Failure to detect Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in Chinese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-7-224|journal=Virology Journal|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=224|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-7-224|issn=1743-422X| pmc = 2945957|pmid=20836869}}</ref>
*2010, (UK) ''Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome'' [http://retrovirology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4690-7-10 (FULL TEXT)]<ref>Harriet CT Groom, Virginie C Boucherit, Kerry Makinson, Edward Randal, Sarah Baptista, Suzanne Hagan, John W Gow, Frank M Mattes, Judith Breuer, [[Jonathan Kerr|Jonathan R Kerr]], Jonathan P Stoye and Kate N Bishop. (2010). Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. ''Retrovirology'', 2010, 7:10. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-10</ref>
*2010, (Germany), ''No Evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS Patients with Fatigue Despite the Ability of the Virus to Infect Human Blood Cells In Vitro'' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008728/ - (Full Text)]<ref>Hohn, O., Strohschein, K., Brandt, A. U., Seeher, S., Klein, S., Kurth, R., … Bannert, N. (2010). No Evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS Patients with Fatigue Despite the Ability of the Virus to Infect Human Blood Cells In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 5(12), e15632. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015632</ref>
*2010, (Netherlands) ''Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort'' [http://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c1018 - (FULL TEXT)]<ref>
* 2010, (US), Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus prevalence in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or chronic immunomodulatory conditions<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Henrich | first = Timothy J.|author-link = | last2 = Li | first2 = Jonathan Z.|author-link2 = | last3 = Felsenstein | first3=Donna | author-link3 = Donna Felsenstein | last4 = Kotton | first4=Camille N. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Plenge | first5 = Robert M. | authorlink5 = |last6 = Pereyra | first6 = Florencia | authorlink6 = | last7 = Marty | first7 = Francisco M. | last8 = Lin | first8 = Nina H. | last9 = Grazioso | first9 = Paul| date = 2010-11-15 | title = Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus–Related Virus Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Chronic Immunomodulatory Conditions|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/657168|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=202|issue=10|pages=1478–1481|doi=10.1086/657168|issn=0022-1899|pmc=2957553|pmid=20936980|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957553/ (Full text)]
van Kuppeveld Frank J M, Jong Arjan S de, Lanke Kjerstin H, Verhaegh Gerald W, Melchers Willem J G, Swanink Caroline M A et al. Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort BMJ 2010; 340 :c1018</ref>
*2011, (Japan), [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3065418/ ''No association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus with prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome in Japan'' - (Full Text)] <ref>{{Cite journal | last = Furuta | first = Rika A. | last2 = Miyazawa | first2 = Takayuki | last3 = Sugiyama | first3 = Takeki | last4 = Kuratsune | first4 = Hirohiko | last5 = Ikeda | first5 = Yasuhiro|last6 = Sato | first6 = Eiji | last7 = Misawa | first7 = Naoko | last8 = Nakatomi | first8 = Yasuhito | last9 = Sakuma | first9 = Ryuta | date = 2011-03-17 | title = No association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus with prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome in Japan|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-8-20|journal=Retrovirology|volume=8|issue=1|pages=20|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-8-20|issn=1742-4690|pmc =  3065418|pmid=21414229}}</ref>
*2010, (China) ''Failure to detect Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in Chinese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome'' [http://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-7-224 - (FULL TEXT)]<ref>Ping Hong, Jinming LiEmail, and Yongzhe Li. (2010). Failure to detect Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in Chinese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Virology Journal, 2010, 7:224. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-7-224</ref>
*2011, (US), ''Absence of [[XMRV]] retrovirus and other murine leukemia virus-related viruses in patients with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]''<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Shin | first = Clifford H. | last2 = Bateman |  first2 = Lucinda | author-link2 = Lucinda Bateman | last3 = Schlaberg | first3 = Robert | last4 = Bunker | first4=Ashley M. | last5 = Leonard | first5 = Christopher J. | last6 = Hughen | first6 = Ronald W. | last7 = Light | first7 = Alan R. | authorlink7 = Alan Light | last8 = Light | first8 = Kathleen C  | authorlink8 = Kathleen Light | last9 = Singh | first9 = Ila R. | date = Jul 2011 | title = Absence of XMRV retrovirus and other murine leukemia virus-related viruses in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126563/|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=85|issue=14|pages=7195-202|doi=10.1128/JVI.00693-11|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126563/ (Full Text)]
*2010, (Germany) ''No Evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS Patients with Fatigue Despite the Ability of the Virus to Infect Human Blood Cells In Vitro'' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008728/ - (FULL TEXT)]<ref>Hohn, O., Strohschein, K., Brandt, A. U., Seeher, S., Klein, S., Kurth, R., … Bannert, N. (2010). No Evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS Patients with Fatigue Despite the Ability of the Virus to Infect Human Blood Cells In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 5(12), e15632. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015632</ref>
*2011, (US), [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22312356 ''Failure to Detect XMRV-Specific Antibodies in the Plasma of CFS Patients Using Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Immunoassays''] <ref>{{Cite journal | last =Oakes | first = Brendan | last2 = Qiu | first2 = Xiaoxing | last3 = Levine | first3 = Susan | last4 = Hackett | first4=John | last5 = Huber | first5 = Brigitte T. | date = 2011 | title=Failure to Detect XMRV-Specific Antibodies in the Plasma of CFS Patients Using Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Immunoassays|url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/av/2011/854540/|journal=Advances in Virology|language=en|volume=|pages=1–5|doi=10.1155/2011/854540|issn=1687-8639|pmc =  3265317|pmid=22312356}}</ref>
*2011, (Canada), [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219700/ ''No Evidence for XMRV Nucleic Acids, Infectious Virus or Anti-XMRV Antibodies in Canadian Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'' - (Full Text)]<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Steffen | first = Imke|author-link = | last2 = Tyrrell | first2 =  D. Lorne|author-link2 = | last3 = Stein | first3=Eleanor | author-link3 = Eleanor Stein | last4 = Montalvo | first4 = Leilani | author-link4 = | last5 = Lee | first5 = Tzong-Hae | authorlink5 = |last6 = Zhou | first6 = Yanchen | last7 = Lu | first7 = Kai | last8 = Switzer | first8 = William M. | last9 = Tang | first9 = Shaohua | last10 = Jia | first10 = Hongwei | authorlink10 = | last11 =  Hockman | first11 = Darren | authorlink11 = | last12 = Santer | first12 = Deanna M. | authorlink12 = | last13 = Logan | first13 = Michael | author-link13 = | last14 = Landi | first14 = Amir | author-link14 = Amir Landi | last15 = Law | first15 = John | author-link15 = | last16 = Houghton | first16 = Michael | author-link16 = Michael Houghton | last17 = Simmons | first17 = Graham | author-link17 = | date = 2011-11-17 | title = No Evidence for XMRV Nucleic Acids, Infectious Virus or Anti-XMRV Antibodies in Canadian Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027870|journal=PLoS ONE|language=en|volume=6|issue=11| pages = e27870|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0027870|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3219700|pmid=22114717|quote=|via=}}</ref>
*2012, (US), ''A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus.'' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3448165/ (Full Text)]<ref name="Alter, et al, 2012" />
*2014, (Latvia), ''No evidence of [[XMRV]] provirus sequences in patients with [[ME/CFS|myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]] and individuals with unspecified encephalopathy''<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Rasa | first = Santa | author-link = Santa Rasa | last2 = Nora-Krukle | first2 = Zaiga | author-link2 = Zaiga Nora-Krukle | last3 = Chapenko | first3 = Svetlana | author-link3 = Svetlana Chapenko | last4 = Krumina | first4 = Angelika | authorlink4 = Angelika Krumina | last5 = Roga | first5 = Silvija | authorlink5 = Silvija Roga|last6 = Murovska | first6 = Modra | authorlink6 = Modra Murovska | date = Jan 2014 | title = No evidence of XMRV provirus sequences in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and individuals with unspecified encephalopathy|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24531167|journal=The New Microbiologica|volume=37|issue=1|pages=17–24|issn=1121-7138|pmid=24531167|quote=|via=}}</ref> [http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2014/1/17.pdf (Full Text)]
*2014, (US), ''No association found between the detection of either xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus or polytropic murine leukemia virus and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] in a blinded, multi-site, prospective study by the establishment and use of the [[SolveCFS BioBank & Patient Registry|SolveCFS BioBank]]''<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Irlbeck | first = David M. | last2 = Vernon |  first2 = Suzanne D. | authorlink2 = Suzanne Vernon | last3 = McCleary | first3 = K. Kimberly | author-link3 = Kim McCleary | last4 = Bateman |  first4 = Lucinda | authorlink4 = Lucinda Bateman | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas|last6 = Lapp | first6 = Charles W. | authorlink6 = Charles Lapp | last7 = Peterson | first7 = Daniel L. | authorlink7 = Daniel Peterson | last8 = Brown | first8 = James R. | last9 = Remlinger | first9 = Katja S. | date = 2014 | title=No association found between the detection of either xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus or polytropic murine leukemia virus and chronic fatigue syndrome in a blinded, multi-site, prospective study by the establishment and use of the SolveCFS BioBank | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4236736/|journal=BMC Research Notes|volume=7|pages=461|doi=10.1186/1756-0500-7-461|via= | last10 = Wilfret | last11 = Gerondelis | first11 = Peter | first10 = David A.}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4236736/ (Full Text)]
*2017, (Italy), ''XMRV and Public Health: The Retroviral Genome Is Not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR, and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable''<ref name="Panelli, 2017" /> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5439170/ (Full Text)]


==Learn more==
==Learn more==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotropic_murine_leukemia_virus-related_virus Wikipedia - Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotropic_murine_leukemia_virus-related_virus Wikipedia - Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus]
*2012, [https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/xmrv-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-update/ XMRV Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Update]
*2011, [http://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6050/1694.full?sid=b7ed914a-6290-4f3f-a625-2c4d4557472f False Positive] (Science Magazine)
*2011, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2011/06/03/xmrv-and-chronic-fatigue-syndr-26/ ''XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome: So long, and thanks for all the lulz, Part III'' by Abbie Smith]
*2012, [https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/xmrv-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-update/ XMRV Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Update] (Science Based Medicine)
*2011, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2011/06/01/xmrv-and-chronic-fatigue-syndr-25/ ''XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome: So long, and thanks for all the lulz, Part II'' by Abbie Smith]
 
*2011, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2011/05/31/xmrv-and-chronic-fatigue-syndr-23/ ''XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome: So long, and thanks for all the lulz, Part I'' by Abbie Smith]  
=== Abbie Smith ERV blog series of XMRV research ===
 
*Jun 14 2010, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2010/06/14/xmrv-and-antiretrovirals-1/ XMRV and antiretrovirals]
*Oct 15 2010, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2010/10/15/xmrv-and-autism-best-conflict/ XMRV and Autism: Best conflict of interest EVAH!]
*Apr 19 2010, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2010/04/19/xmrv-and-chronic-fatigue-syndr-12/ XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome: A Tale of Two Laboratories]
*Feb 25 2011, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2011/02/25/xmrv-lab-contaminant/ XMRV = Lab contaminant.]
*May 31 2011, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2011/05/31/xmrv-and-chronic-fatigue-syndr-23/ XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome: So long, and thanks for all the lulz, Part I]
*Jun 1 2011, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2011/06/01/xmrv-and-chronic-fatigue-syndr-25/ XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome: So long, and thanks for all the lulz, Part II]
*Jun 3 2011, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2011/06/03/xmrv-and-chronic-fatigue-syndr-26/ XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome: So long, and thanks for all the lulz, Part III]
*Sep 26 2011, [http://scienceblogs.com/erv/2011/09/26/xmrv-and-chronic-fatigue-syndr-28/ XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome: Isnt that weird?]
 
*[http://scienceblogs.com/erv/tag/xmrv/ All blogs tagged XMRV]
 
=== Nevada newsmakers report on XMRV ===
 
*2009, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjNYMxK86tA XMRV explained on Nevada Newsmakers October 2009]
*2009, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjNYMxK86tA XMRV explained on Nevada Newsmakers October 2009]


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Judy Mikovits]] (and her book [[Plague]])
*[[Judy Mikovits]] (and her book [[Plague]])
*[[Elaine DeFreitas]]
*[[Elaine DeFreitas]]
Line 43: Line 68:


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references>
<ref name="Alter, et al, 2012">{{Citation | last1 = Alter | first1 = Harvey J. | authorlink1 = | last2 = Mikovits | first2 = Judy A. | authorlink2 = Judy Mikovits | last3 = Switzer | first3 = William M. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Ruscetti | first4 = Francis W. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Lo | first5 = Shyh-Ching | author-link5 = | last6 = Klimas | first6 = Nancy | authorlink6 = Nancy Klimas | last7 = Komaroff | first7 = Anthony L. | authorlink7 =  Anthony Komaroff | last8 = Montoya | first8 = Jose G. | authorlink8 =  Jose Montoya | last9 = Bateman | first9 = Lucinda | authorlink9 = Lucinda Bateman | last10 =Levine | first10 = Susan  | authorlink10 = Susan Levine | last11 = Peterson | first11 = Daniel | authorlink11 = Daniel Peterson | last12 = Levin | first12 = Bruce  | authorlink12 = Bruce Levin | last13 = Hanson | first13 = Maureen R. | authorlink13 = Maureen Hanson | last14 = Genfi | first14 = Afia | authorlink14 = | last15 = Bhat | first15 = Meera  | authorlink15 = | last16 =  Zheng | first16 = HaoQiang | authorlink16 = | last17 = Wang | first17 = Richard  | authorlink17 = | last18 =  Li | first18 = Bingjie  | authorlink18 = | last19 =  Hung | first19 = Guo-Chiuan | authorlink19 = | last20 = Lee | first20 = Li Ling  | authorlink20 = | last21 = Sameroff | first21 = Stephen  | authorlink21 = | last22 = Heneine | first22 = Walid  | authorlink22 = | last23 = Coffin | first23 = John | authorlink23 = | last24 = Hornig | first24 = Mady| authorlink24 = Mady Hornig | last25 = Lipkin | first25 = W. Ian | authorlink25 = Ian Lipkin | title = A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus | journal = mBio | volume = 3  | issue = 5  | page = e00266–12 | date = 2012 | pmid =
| doi = 10.1128/mBio.00266-12 }}</ref>
<ref name="Panelli, 2017">{{Citation | last1 = Panelli | first1 = Simona  | authorlink1 = | last2 = Lorusso | first2 = Lorenzo | authorlink2 = Lorenzo Lorusso | last3 = Balestrieri | first3 = Alessandro | authorlink3 = | last4 = Lupo | first4 = Giuseppe| authorlink4 = | last5 = Capelli | first5 = Enrica  | authorlink5 = Enrica Capelli | title = XMRV and Public Health: The Retroviral Genome Is Not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR, and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable | journal = Frontiers in Public Health | volume = 5 | issue =  108  | page =  | date = 2017 | pmid =
| doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00108 }}</ref>
</references>


[[Category:Infectious agents]]
[[Category:Infectious agents]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Notable studies]]
[[Category:Notable studies]]
[[Category:Virology]]

Latest revision as of 16:18, April 3, 2023

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is "a laboratory-derived mouse virus that was generated through recombination between two endogenous murine retroviruses during propagation of a prostate cancer xenograft in the mid-1990’s."[1]

Chronic fatigue syndrome[edit | edit source]

An October 2009 paper by Vincent Lombardi, Francis Ruscetti, Jaydip Das Gupta, Max Pfost, Kathryn S. Hagen, Daniel Peterson, Sandra Ruscetti, Rachel K. Bagni, Cari Petrow-Sadowski, Bert Gold, Michael Dean, Robert Silverman, and Judy Mikovits, entitled "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", claimed to have found a link between chronic fatigue syndrome and the presence of the retrovirus.[2] The paper's primary authors were at that time based at the Whittemore Peterson Institute (WPI) in Reno, Nevada, United States. The WPI soon began offering a controversial commercial XMRV testing service.[3][4]

Other labs around the world were unable to detect XMRV in their patient samples. In July 2011 the journal issued an editorial expression of concern about the paper.[5]

The paper was fully retracted in December 2011 by the journal.[6][7]

One of the key scientists involved in efforts to clarify the situation surrounding XMRV, and eventually to debunk the science, was Ian Lipkin of Columbia University in New York.[8]

Doctor Mikovits has maintained her view that XMRV is a public health risk and documents those views in her book Plague with co-author Kent Heckenlively.[9][10]

Mainstream science considers XMRV to be a laboratory artefact and not a threat to human health or related to chronic fatigue syndrome.[citation needed][11]

In May of 2020, Mikovits released a preview for a documentary, Plandemic. It was removed from YouTube, Facebook, and other platforms, as it was flagged as health misinformation.[12]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

Studies unable to detect XMRV in ME/CFS patients[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

Abbie Smith ERV blog series of XMRV research[edit | edit source]

Nevada newsmakers report on XMRV[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "ScienceWatch.com - Clarivate Analytics". archive.sciencewatch.com. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  2. ↑ Mikovits, Judy A.; Silverman, Robert H.; Dean, Michael; Gold, Bert; Petrow-Sadowski, Cari; Bagni, Rachel K.; Ruscetti, Sandra K.; Peterson, Daniel L.; Hagen, Kathryn S. (October 23, 2009). "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science. 326 (5952): 585–589. doi:10.1126/science.1179052. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19815723.
  3. ↑ ProHealth (August 23, 2010). "WPI-Licensed Test for XMRV & Variants Now Available". Prohealth. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  4. ↑ "XMRV testing in the UK". Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  5. ↑ Editorial Expression of Concern
  6. ↑ Oransky, Ivan (December 22, 2011). "Chronic fatigue syndrome-XMRV paper retracted by Science, completely this time". Retraction Watch. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  7. ↑ Alberts, Bruce (December 23, 2011). "Retraction". Science. 334 (6063): 1636–1636. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22194552.
  8. ↑ Callaway, Ewen. "The scientist who put the nail in XMRV's coffin". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11444.
  9. ↑ "PLAGUE – The Update on XMRV". greenmedinfo.com. July 3, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  10. ↑ Oransky, Ivan (March 11, 2014). "Chronic fatigue syndrome researcher Mikovits, who championed link to XMRV, to publish book". Retraction Watch. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  11. ↑ Enserink, Martin (September 18, 2012). "Final Study Confirms: Virus Not Implicated in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Science | AAAS. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  12. ↑ Dean, Sam (May 9, 2020). "Facebook and YouTube race to squash viral video full of coronavirus lies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  13. ↑ Groom, Harriet CT; Boucherit, Virginie C.; Makinson, Kerry; Randal, Edward; Baptista, Sarah; Hagan, Suzanne; Gow, John W.; Mattes, Frank M.; Breuer, Judith (February 15, 2010). "Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Retrovirology. 7 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-10. ISSN 1742-4690. PMC 2839973. PMID 20156349.
  14. ↑ Erlwein, Otto; Kaye, Steve; McClure, Myra O.; Weber, Jonathan; Wills, Gillian; Collier, David; Wessely, Simon; Cleare, Anthony (January 6, 2010). Nixon, Douglas F. (ed.). "Failure to Detect the Novel Retrovirus XMRV in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". PLoS ONE. 5 (1): e8519. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008519. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2795199. PMID 20066031.
  15. ↑ Meer, Jos W. M. van der; Galama, Jochem M. D.; Netea, Mihai G.; Bleijenberg, Gijs; Swanink, Caroline M.A.; Melchers, Willem J.G.; Verhaegh, Gerald W.; Lanke, Kjerstin H.; Jong, Arjan S. de (February 26, 2010). "Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort". BMJ. 340: c1018. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1018. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 20185493.
  16. ↑ Hong, Ping; Li, Jinming; Li, Yongzhe (2010). "Failure to detect Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in Chinese patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Virology Journal. 7 (1): 224. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-224. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 2945957. PMID 20836869.
  17. ↑ Hohn, O., Strohschein, K., Brandt, A. U., Seeher, S., Klein, S., Kurth, R., … Bannert, N. (2010). No Evidence for XMRV in German CFS and MS Patients with Fatigue Despite the Ability of the Virus to Infect Human Blood Cells In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 5(12), e15632. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015632
  18. ↑ Henrich, Timothy J.; Li, Jonathan Z.; Felsenstein, Donna; Kotton, Camille N.; Plenge, Robert M.; Pereyra, Florencia; Marty, Francisco M.; Lin, Nina H.; Grazioso, Paul (November 15, 2010). "Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus–Related Virus Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Chronic Immunomodulatory Conditions". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 202 (10): 1478–1481. doi:10.1086/657168. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 2957553. PMID 20936980.
  19. ↑ Furuta, Rika A.; Miyazawa, Takayuki; Sugiyama, Takeki; Kuratsune, Hirohiko; Ikeda, Yasuhiro; Sato, Eiji; Misawa, Naoko; Nakatomi, Yasuhito; Sakuma, Ryuta (March 17, 2011). "No association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus with prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome in Japan". Retrovirology. 8 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-20. ISSN 1742-4690. PMC 3065418. PMID 21414229.
  20. ↑ Shin, Clifford H.; Bateman, Lucinda; Schlaberg, Robert; Bunker, Ashley M.; Leonard, Christopher J.; Hughen, Ronald W.; Light, Alan R.; Light, Kathleen C; Singh, Ila R. (July 2011). "Absence of XMRV retrovirus and other murine leukemia virus-related viruses in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Virology. 85 (14): 7195–202. doi:10.1128/JVI.00693-11.
  21. ↑ Oakes, Brendan; Qiu, Xiaoxing; Levine, Susan; Hackett, John; Huber, Brigitte T. (2011). "Failure to Detect XMRV-Specific Antibodies in the Plasma of CFS Patients Using Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Immunoassays". Advances in Virology: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2011/854540. ISSN 1687-8639. PMC 3265317. PMID 22312356.
  22. ↑ Steffen, Imke; Tyrrell, D. Lorne; Stein, Eleanor; Montalvo, Leilani; Lee, Tzong-Hae; Zhou, Yanchen; Lu, Kai; Switzer, William M.; Tang, Shaohua; Jia, Hongwei; Hockman, Darren; Santer, Deanna M.; Logan, Michael; Landi, Amir; Law, John; Houghton, Michael; Simmons, Graham (November 17, 2011). "No Evidence for XMRV Nucleic Acids, Infectious Virus or Anti-XMRV Antibodies in Canadian Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". PLoS ONE. 6 (11): e27870. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027870. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3219700. PMID 22114717.
  23. ↑ Alter, Harvey J.; Mikovits, Judy A.; Switzer, William M.; Ruscetti, Francis W.; Lo, Shyh-Ching; Klimas, Nancy; Komaroff, Anthony L.; Montoya, Jose G.; Bateman, Lucinda; Levine, Susan; Peterson, Daniel; Levin, Bruce; Hanson, Maureen R.; Genfi, Afia; Bhat, Meera; Zheng, HaoQiang; Wang, Richard; Li, Bingjie; Hung, Guo-Chiuan; Lee, Li Ling; Sameroff, Stephen; Heneine, Walid; Coffin, John; Hornig, Mady; Lipkin, W. Ian (2012), "A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus", mBio, 3 (5): e00266–12, doi:10.1128/mBio.00266-12
  24. ↑ Rasa, Santa; Nora-Krukle, Zaiga; Chapenko, Svetlana; Krumina, Angelika; Roga, Silvija; Murovska, Modra (January 2014). "No evidence of XMRV provirus sequences in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and individuals with unspecified encephalopathy". The New Microbiologica. 37 (1): 17–24. ISSN 1121-7138. PMID 24531167.
  25. ↑ Irlbeck, David M.; Vernon, Suzanne D.; McCleary, K. Kimberly; Bateman, Lucinda; Klimas, Nancy G.; Lapp, Charles W.; Peterson, Daniel L.; Brown, James R.; Remlinger, Katja S.; Wilfret, David A.; Gerondelis, Peter (2014). "No association found between the detection of either xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus or polytropic murine leukemia virus and chronic fatigue syndrome in a blinded, multi-site, prospective study by the establishment and use of the SolveCFS BioBank". BMC Research Notes. 7: 461. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-461.
  26. ↑ Panelli, Simona; Lorusso, Lorenzo; Balestrieri, Alessandro; Lupo, Giuseppe; Capelli, Enrica (2017), "XMRV and Public Health: The Retroviral Genome Is Not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR, and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable", Frontiers in Public Health, 5 (108), doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00108

endogenous Growing or originating from within an organism.

immunomodulator An immunomodulator is a substance that affects the functioning of the immune system

myalgic encephalomyelitis (M.E.) - A disease often marked by neurological symptoms, but fatigue is sometimes a symptom as well. Some diagnostic criteria distinguish it from chronic fatigue syndrome, while other diagnostic criteria consider it to be a synonym for chronic fatigue syndrome. A defining characteristic of ME is post-exertional malaise (PEM), or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), which is a notable exacerbation of symptoms brought on by small exertions. PEM can last for days or weeks. Symptoms can include cognitive impairments, muscle pain (myalgia), trouble remaining upright (orthostatic intolerance), sleep abnormalities, and gastro-intestinal impairments, among others. An estimated 25% of those suffering from ME are housebound or bedbound. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies ME as a neurological disease.

blinded trial A clinical trial is blinded if either the participants or the researchers don't know which treatment group they are allocated to until after the results are interpreted. (Learn more: www.nottingham.ac.uk)

genome an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes

BMJ The BMJ (previously the British Medical Journal) is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.

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