Vagus nerve stimulation

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Vagus nerve stimulation or vagal nerve stimulation or VNS is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the vagus nerve via a device that is either implanted or wearable. It is sometimes referred to as a "pacemaker for the brain." The non-surgical option is called transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation or t-VNS and is delivered via an electrode clipped onto the ear and attached to a portable impulse-generating device.[1]

Currently it is mostly used as an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy[2] and treatment-resistant depression.[2][3]

The vagus nerve can inhibit cytokine release, via release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine[4] and thereby prevent tissue injury and death. In research studies, stimulation of the vagus nerve prevents the damaging effects of cytokine release in experimental sepsis, endotoxemia,[5] ischemia/reperfusion injury, hemorrhagic shock, arthritis, and other inflammatory syndromes.[6]

Kevin J. Tracey, MD and his research group at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research have shown that vagus nerve stimulation has decreased inflammation in methotrexate-resistant rheumatoid arthritis patients.[7]

Other researchers are experimenting with vagus nerve stimulation as an adjunct therapy on a host of mental health, neurological, and inflammatory illnesses, including:

and much more.[15]

Media coverage[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Treating Depression With Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation", Neuroscience News, Houston, February 4, 2016, retrieved December 12, 2016
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pisapia, Jared; Baltuch, Gordon (January 22, 2016), "Vagus nerve stimulation: Introduction and technical aspects", in Hamani, Clement; Holtzheimer, Paul; Lozano, Andres; Mayberg, Helen (eds.), Neuromodulation in Psychiatry, Chicester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, doi:10.1002/9781118801086.ch17/, ISBN 978-1118801048
  3. ↑ Mayo Clinic – Vagus nerve stimulation
  4. ↑ Lund, D. D.; Oda, R. P.; Pardini, B. J.; Schmid, P. G. (March 1986), "Vagus nerve stimulation alters regional acetylcholine turnover in rat heart", Circulation Research, 58 (3): 372–377, ISSN 0009-7330, PMID 3719926
  5. ↑ Borovikova, Lyudmila V.; Ivanova, Svetlana; Zhang, Minghuang; Yang, Huan; Botchkina, Galina I.; Watkins, Linda R.; Wang, Haichao; Abumrad, Naji; Eaton, John W.; Tracey, Kevin J. (May 25, 2000), "Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin", Nature, 405 (6785): 458–462, doi:10.1038/35013070, ISSN 0028-0836, retrieved December 12, 2016
  6. ↑ Tracey, Kevin J. (February 1, 2007), "Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway", Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117 (2): 289–296, doi:10.1172/JCI30555, ISSN 0021-9738, PMC 1783813, PMID 17273548, retrieved December 12, 2016
  7. ↑ The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research – Kevin J. Tracey, MD: Research Focus
  8. ↑ Fanselow, Michael S. (June 1, 2013), "Fear and anxiety take a double hit from vagal nerve stimulation", Biological Psychiatry, 73 (11): 1043–1044, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.025, ISSN 1873-2402, PMC 4176918, PMID 23647735
  9. ↑ Stavrakis, Stavros; Humphrey, Mary Beth; Scherlag, Benjamin J.; Hu, Yanqing; Jackman, Warren M.; Nakagawa, Hiroshi; Lockwood, Deborah; Lazzara, Ralph; Po, Sunny S. (March 10, 2015), "Low-level transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation suppresses atrial fibrillation", Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 65 (9): 867–875, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.026, ISSN 1558-3597, PMC 4352201, PMID 25744003 no-break space character in |title= at position 78 (help)
  10. ↑ Chakravarthy, Krishnan; Chaudhry, Hira; Williams, Kayode; Christo, Paul J. (December 2015), "Review of the Uses of Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pain Management", Current Pain and Headache Reports, 19 (12): 54, doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0528-6, ISSN 1534-3081, PMID 26493698
  11. ↑ Bonaz, B.; Sinniger, V.; Hoffmann, D.; Clarençon, D.; Mathieu, N.; Dantzer, C.; Vercueil, L.; Picq, C.; Trocmé, C.; Faure, P.; Cracowski, J.-L.; Pellissier, S. (June 2016), "Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease: a 6-month follow-up pilot study", Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society, 28 (6): 948–953, doi:10.1111/nmo.12792, ISSN 1365-2982, PMID 26920654
  12. ↑ Lange, Gudrun; Janal, Malvin N.; Maniker, Allen; Fitzgibbons, Jennifer; Fobler, Malusha; Cook, Dane; Natelson, Benjamin H. (September 2011), "Safety and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in fibromyalgia: a phase I/II proof of concept trial", Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 12 (9): 1406–1413, doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01203.x, ISSN 1526-4637, PMC 3173600, PMID 21812908
  13. ↑ Hauptman, Paul J.; Schwartz, Peter J.; Gold, Michael R.; Borggrefe, Martin; Van Veldhuisen, Dirk J.; Starling, Randall C.; Mann, Douglas L. (June 2012), "Rationale and study design of the increase of vagal tone in heart failure study: INOVATE-HF", American Heart Journal, 163 (6): 954–962.e1, doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2012.03.021, ISSN 1097-6744, PMID 22709747
  14. ↑ Silberstein, Stephen D.; Calhoun, Anne H.; Lipton, Richard B.; Grosberg, Brian M.; Cady, Roger K.; Dorlas, Stefanie; Simmons, Kristy A.; Mullin, Chris; Liebler, Eric J.; Goadsby, Peter J.; Saper, Joel R.; EVENT Study Group (August 2, 2016), "Chronic migraine headache prevention with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation: The EVENT study", Neurology, 87 (5): 529–538, doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002918, ISSN 1526-632X, PMC 4970666, PMID 27412146
  15. ↑ Wikipedia - Vagus nerve stimulation
  16. ↑ Knapton, Sarah (July 7, 2016), "Electronic implant in 'Spock' nerve could reverse rheumatoid arthritis", The Telegraph, London, retrieved December 12, 2016
  17. ↑ Johnson, Cort (January 11, 2016), "Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)", HealthRising, Henderson, NV, retrieved December 12, 2016
  18. ↑ Behar, Michael (May 23, 2014), "Can the Nervous System Be Hacked?", The New York Times, retrieved December 12, 2016

phase one A drug trial involving only a small group of humans, often healthy volunteers, to assess drug safety and side effects. Typically 20-80 participants, often using a comparison group.

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