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Toll-like receptor 4
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'''TLR4''' or '''TLR-4''' or '''toll-like receptor 4''' is one of ten [[toll-like receptor]]s.<ref name="Nie2018">{{Cite journal | title = Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals | date = 2018 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01523|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=9 | last =Nie | first = Li | last2 = Cai | first2 = Shi-Yu | last3 = Shao | first3 = Jian-Zhong | last4 = Chen | first4 = Jiong|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.01523|pmc=PMC6043800|pmid=30034391|issn=1664-3224}}</ref> ==Function== ==ME/CFS== TLR4 is upregulated in [[ME/CFS]] patients.<ref name="Chaudhuri2009" /><ref name="Light2009" /> ==Infection== [[Coxsackie B4]] triggers TLR4 on human pancreatic cells,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Coxsackievirus B4-induced cytokine production in pancreatic cells is mediated through toll-like receptor 4 | date = Oct 2004|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15452251/|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=78|issue=20|pages=11313β11320 | last = Triantafilou | first = Kathy | authorlink = | last2 = Triantafilou | first2 = Martha | authorlink2 = |doi=10.1128/JVI.78.20.11313-11320.2004|pmc=|pmid=15452251|access-date=|issn=0022-538X|quote=|via=}}</ref> TLR4 knock-out mice infected with [[Coxsackie B3]] showed reduced [[myocarditis]] and viral replication.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = IL-12 receptor beta 1 and Toll-like receptor 4 increase IL-1 beta- and IL-18-associated myocarditis and coxsackievirus replication | date = 2003-05-01|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12707353/|journal=Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950)|volume=170|issue=9|pages=4731β4737 | last = Fairweather | first=DeLisa | last2 = Yusung | first2 = Susan | last3 = Frisancho | first3 = Sylvia | last4 = Barrett | first4 = Masheka| last5 = Gatewood | first5 = Shannon | last6 = Steele | first6 = Ronelle | last7 = Rose | first7 = Noel R.|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4731|pmid=12707353|issn=0022-1767}}</ref> ==Potential treatments== [[Low dose naltrexone]] (LDN), [[lithium]], and [[oxymatrine]] inhibit [[microglia]]l activation via TLR4.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Lithium ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation via inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 expression by activating the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway | date = 2014-08-14|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25115727/|journal=Journal of Neuroinflammation|volume=11|pages=140 | last =Dong | first = Hongquan | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Xiang | last3 = Dai | first3 = Xiaonan | last4 = Lu | first4 = Shunmei| last5 = Gui | first5 = Bo | last6 = Jin | first6 = Wenjie | last7 = Zhang | first7 = Susu | last8 = Zhang | first8 = Shu | last9 = Qian | first9 = Yanning|doi=10.1186/s12974-014-0140-4|pmc=4149204|pmid=25115727|issn=1742-2094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Oxymatrine downregulates TLR4, TLR2, MyD88, and NF-kappaB and protects rat brains against focal ischemia | date = 2009|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20182634/|journal=Mediators of Inflammation|volume=2009 | pages = 704706 | last = Fan | first=Hongguang | last2 = Li | first2 = Litao | last3 = Zhang | first3 = Xiangjian | last4 = Liu | first4 = Ying| last5 = Yang | first5 = Chenhui | last6 = Yang | first6 = Yi | last7 = Yin | first7 = Jing|doi=10.1155/2009/704706|pmc=2825667|pmid=20182634|issn=1466-1861}}</ref> ==Notable studies== *2009, A gene signature for post-Infectious chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Chaudhuri2009">{{Cite journal | title = A gene signature for post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome | date = 2009-06-25|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8794-2-38|journal=BMC Medical Genomics|volume=2|issue=1|pages=38 | last =Gow | first = John W.|author-link = | last2 = Hagan | first2 = Suzanne|author-link2 = | last3 = Herzyk | first3 = Pawel | author-link3 = | last4 = Cannon | first4 = Celia | authorlink4 = | last5 = Behan | first5 = Peter O. | authorlink5 = Peter Behan | last6 = Chaudhuri | first6 = Abhijit | authorlink6 = Abhijit Chaudhuri | last9 = | first9 = |doi=10.1186/1755-8794-2-38|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=1755-8794|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pawel-Herzyk/publication/26319782_A_gene_signature_for_post-Infectious_chronic_fatigue_syndrome/links/02bfe512d0184d5515000000/A-gene-signature-for-post-Infectious-chronic-fatigue-syndrome.pdf (Full Text)] *2009, Moderate Exercise Increases Expression for Sensory, Adrenergic, and Immune Genes in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients But Not in Normal Subjects<ref name="Light2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Light | first1 = A.R. | authorlink = Alan Light | last2 = White | first2 = A.T. | authorlink2 = Andrea White | last3 = Hughen | first3 =R.W. | last4 = Light | first4 = K.C. | authorlink4 = Kathleen Light | date = 2009 | title = Moderate Exercise Increases Expression for Sensory, Adrenergic, and Immune Genes in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients But Not in Normal Subjects | journal = The Journal of Pain | volume = 10 | pages = 1099-1112 | pmc = PMC2757484 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757484/}}</ref> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757484/ (Full Text)] == See also == * [[Toll-like receptor]] * [[Toll-like receptor 1]] * [[Toll-like receptor 3]] ==Learn more== ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Immunology]] [[Category:Proteins]] [[Category:Toll-like receptors]]
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