Anonymous
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Search
Editing
The 3Ps model
From MEpedia, a crowd-sourced encyclopedia of ME and CFS science and history
Namespaces
Page
Discussion
More
More
Page actions
Read
Edit
Edit source
History
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
{{stub}} The '''<span id="threeps"">3Ps model</span>''' or '''Cognitive Behavioral Model''' (CBM) of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] is a theory that proposes that CFS can be explained by '''predisposing''', '''precipitating''' and '''perpetuating factors'''.<ref name="Geraghty2019" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last =Chalder | first=T. | author-link = Trudie Chalder | last2 = Butler | first2 = S. | authorlink2 = Stephen Butler | last3 = David | first3=A. | author-link3 = Anthony David | last4 = Wessely | first4 = S. | authorlink4 = Simon Wessely | date = Jan 1989 | title = Management of chronic (post-viral) fatigue syndrome.|url=https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC1711569/|journal=The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners|volume=39|issue=318|pages=26–29|issn=0035-8797|pmid=2553945|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The 3Ps model is a [[biopsychosocial model |biopsychosocial]] hypotheses, and has been used to justify the use of a form of psychotherapy called [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] in patients with [[ME/CFS]], irrespective of whether a co-existing [[mental illness]] is present. [[File:CognitiveBehavioralModel-of-CFS.jpg|left|thumb|500x500px|'''The Cognitive Behavioral Model of ME/CFS'''<br />''Source: Geraghty et al (2019). Health Psychology Open, 6(1), 2055102919838907. License: CC-BY-4.0'']] ==<span id="wessely">Wessely's CBM</span>== ==<span id="vercoulen">Vercoulen's CBM<span>== ==Predisposing factors == ==Precipitating factors == ==Perpetuating factors == Perpetuating or maintaining factors are hypothesized to be: *[[kinesiophobia]] - phobia or fear of exercise that is not based on a realistic understanding of the illness *[[deconditioning]], meaning lack of fitness due to inactive *[[excessive rest]] *[[boom and bust activity cycle]] of doing too much on a good day, and too little on a bad day The 3Ps model is based on a hypothesis of a '''vicious cycle''' that keeps the illness going - without perpetuating factors there would be nothing to keep the illness continuing... according to this theory there is [[illness without disease|no underlying disease]] and full recovery can be achieved by psychological and behavioral changes only - meaning that ME/CFS is considered fully curable through [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] and/or [[graded exercise therapy]]. This vicious model holds the patient fully responsible for recovery, which can lead to negative outcomes, such as: *assuming that ME/CFS is not a serious or [[Causes of death|dangerous illness]] even when severe - leading to [[medical neglect and abuse]] *[[patient blaming]] when patients do not recover *assuming that patients are physically well enough to fully follow a recovery program *assuming that not following a recovery plan fully is due to psychological factors only, e.g., lack of motivation, presumed [[secondary gain]], not wanting to recover, which can lead to removal of essential support *clinicians fully accepting a hypothesis such as the 3Ps model can then assuming that a clinical trial testing the associated treatments '''''must''''' have successful outcomes - a significant [[Research bias|bias]] that occurred in the [[FINE trial]] and the [[PACE trial]] *[[psychologization]] *[[medical gaslighting]] *patient coercion instead of [[informed consent]] ==Evidence == Song and Jason (2005) attempted to replicate Vercoulen's original CBM model, but were unable to fit the model to data collected from patients.<ref name="SongJason2005" /> The controversial [[PACE trial]] was the largest trial of [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] and [[graded exercise therapy]], and was based on the cognitive behavioral model of chronic fatigue syndrome. Two of the three PACE trial principle investigators, [[Trudie Chalder]] and [[Michael Sharpe]], were among the original authors of the CBM for CBT and both authored or co-authored books on the approach prior to the PACE trial. The PACE trial initially reported moderate improvements in symptoms, but a later Freedom of Information Act request provided crucial data that disputed this.{{Citation needed|reason=}} ==Criticism == The 3Ps model has been described as fundamentally flawed.<ref name="Geraghty2019" /> == Books == 1989, [[Chronic Fatigue and its Syndromes]]<ref>{{Cite book | url =https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41028978 | title = Chronic fatigue and its syndromes | last =Wessely | first = Simon | last2 = Hotopf | first2 = Matthew | last3 = Sharpe | first3 = Michael | date = 1999 | publisher=Oxford University Press| year = |isbn=978-0192630469|editor-link=|location=Oxford|pages=|chapter=|oclc=41028978|quote= | author-link = Simon Wessely | authorlink2 = Matthew Hotopf | author-link3 = Michael Sharpe|editor-last2=|editor-link2=}}</ref> ==Notable studies and articles== * 1989, Management of chronic (post-viral) fatigue syndrome<ref name=":0" /> [https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC1711569/ (Full text)] *1998, The Persistence of Fatigue in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis: The Development of a Model<ref name="Vercoulen1998">{{Cite journal | last = Vercoulen | first = J. H.M.M. | authorlink = Jan Vancoulen | last2 = Swanink | first2 = C.M. A | authorlink2 = Caroline Swanink | last3 = Galama | first3 = J. M. D | authorlink3 = Jochem Galama | last4 = Fennis | first4 = J. F. M | authorlink4 = Jan Fennis| last5 = Jongen | first5 = P. J. H | authorlink5 = Peter Jongen | last6 = Hommes | first6 = O. R | authorlink6 = Otto Hommes | last7 = van der Meer | first7 = J.W.M | authorlink7 = Jos van der Meer | last8 = Bleijenberg | first8 = G | authorlink8 = Gijs Bleijenberg | date = Dec 1, 1998 | title = The persistence of fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis: Development of a model|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399998000233|journal=[[Journal of Psychosomatic Research]]|volume=45|issue=6|pages=507–517|doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00023-3|issn=0022-3999|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399998000233 (Abstract)] * 1995, Chronic fatigue syndrome: A cognitive approach<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last =Surawy | first = Christina | authorlink = Christina Surawy | last2 = Hackmann | first2=Ann | authorlink2 = Ann Hackmann | last3 = Hawton | first3=Keith | authorlink3 = Keith Hawton | last4 = Sharpe | first4 = Michael | author-link4 = Michael Sharpe | authorlink5 = | date = 1995-06-01 | title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A cognitive approach|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000579679400077W|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=33|issue=5|pages=535–544|doi=10.1016/0005-7967(94)00077-W|issn=0005-7967|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000579679400077W https://www.academia.edu/14435684/Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_cognitive_approach (Full text)] * 2005, A population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) experienced in differing patient groups: An effort to replicate Vercoulen et al.'s model of CFS<ref name="SongJason2005">{{Cite journal | last =Song | first = Sharon | authorlink = Sharon Song | last2 = Jason | first2 = Leonard A | authorlink2 = Leonard Jason | date = Jun 2005 | title = A population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) experienced in differing patient groups: An effort to replicate Vercoulen et al.'s model of CFS|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leonard_Jason/publication/228366737_A_population-based_study_of_chronic_fatigue_syndrome_CFS_experienced_in_differing_patient_groups_An_effort_to_replicate_Vercoulen_et_al's_model_of_CFS/links/0deec51acf70e3203b000000/A-population-based-study-of-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-CFS-experienced-in-differing-patient-groups-An-effort-to-replicate-Vercoulen-et-als-model-of-CFS.pdf|journal=Journal of Mental Health|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=277–289|doi=10.1080/09638230500076165|issn=0963-8237|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leonard_Jason/publication/228366737_A_population-based_study_of_chronic_fatigue_syndrome_CFS_experienced_in_differing_patient_groups_An_effort_to_replicate_Vercoulen_et_al's_model_of_CFS/links/0deec51acf70e3203b000000/A-population-based-study-of-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-CFS-experienced-in-differing-patient-groups-An-effort-to-replicate-Vercoulen-et-als-model-of-CFS.pdf (Full text)] * 2019, The ‘[[Biopsychosocial model|cognitive behavioural model]]’ of chronic fatigue syndrome: Critique of a flawed model<ref name="Geraghty2019">{{Cite journal | last =Geraghty | first = Keith | authorlink = Keith Geraghty | last2 = Jason | first2 = Leonard | authorlink2 = Leonard Jason | last3 = Sunnquist | first3=Madison | author-link3 = Madison Sunnquist | last4 = Tuller | first4 = David | authorlink4 = David Tuller | last5 = Blease | first5 = Charlotte | authorlink5 = Charlotte Blease | last6 = Adeniji | first6 = Charles | authorlink6 = Charles Adeniji | date = Jan 1, 2019 | title = The ‘cognitive behavioural model’ of chronic fatigue syndrome: Critique of a flawed model|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102919838907|journal=Health Psychology Open|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=2055102919838907|doi=10.1177/2055102919838907|issn=2055-1029|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_Adeniji/publication/330901648_The_%27Cognitive_Behavioural_Model%27_of_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_Critique_of_a_Flawed_Model/links/5cc5d76e299bf12097873e33/The-Cognitive-Behavioural-Model-of-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-Critique-of-a-Flawed-Model.pdf (Full text)] ==Learn more == * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_Adeniji/publication/330901648_The_%27Cognitive_Behavioural_Model%27_of_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_Critique_of_a_Flawed_Model/links/5cc5d76e299bf12097873e33/The-Cognitive-Behavioural-Model-of-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-Critique-of-a-Flawed-Model.pdf The ‘cognitive behavioural model’ of chronic fatigue syndrome: Critique of a flawed model] ==See also == *[[Biopsychosocial model]] *[[Psychologization]] *[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] *[[Graded exercise therapy]] *[[PACE trial]] ==References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Psychological paradigm]] [[Category:Medical hypotheses]]
Summary:
Please make sure your edits are consistent with
MEpedia's guidelines
.
By saving changes, you agree to the
Terms of use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 3.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Templates used on this page:
Template:Asbox
(
edit
)
Template:Category handler
(
edit
)
Template:Citation needed
(
edit
)
Template:Cite book
(
edit
)
Template:Cite journal
(
edit
)
Template:Colon
(
edit
)
Template:Fix
(
edit
)
Template:Fix/category
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:Full stop
(
edit
)
Template:Full stop character
(
edit
)
Template:GetFallback
(
edit
)
Template:Help improve text
(
edit
)
Template:LangSwitch
(
edit
)
Template:Main other
(
edit
)
Template:No fullstop
(
edit
)
Template:No fullstop/first
(
edit
)
Template:Reflist
(
edit
)
Template:Str endswith
(
edit
)
Template:Stub
(
view source
) (semi-protected)
Template:Stub text
(
edit
)
Template:Uselang
(
edit
)
Module:Arguments
(
edit
)
Module:Asbox
(
edit
)
Module:Buffer
(
edit
)
Module:Category handler
(
edit
)
Module:Category handler/blacklist
(
edit
)
Module:Category handler/config
(
edit
)
Module:Category handler/data
(
edit
)
Module:Category handler/shared
(
edit
)
Module:Check for unknown parameters
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist
(
edit
)
Module:Namespace detect/config
(
edit
)
Module:Namespace detect/data
(
edit
)
Module:Navbar
(
edit
)
Module:No globals
(
edit
)
Module:String
(
edit
)
Module:Unsubst
(
edit
)
Module:Yesno
(
edit
)
This page is a member of 4 hidden categories:
Category:All articles with unsourced statements
Category:All stub articles
Category:Articles with unsourced statements from unknown year
Category:Stub pages last edited in 2023
Navigation
Navigation
Skip to content
Main page
Browse
Become an editor
Random page
Popular pages
Abbreviations
Glossary
About MEpedia
Links for editors
Contents
Guidelines
Recent changes
Pages in need
Search
Help
Wiki tools
Wiki tools
Special pages
Page tools
Page tools
User page tools
More
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Page logs