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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
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[[File:Covid-19-virus.png|thumb|upright=0.4|right|'''The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19.'''<br>Author: CDC]] '''Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2''' or '''SARS-CoV-2''', commonly known as the ''novel coronavirus 2019'', is the virus that causes the [[COVID-19]] infectious respiratory disease.<ref name="WHO-QA" /> SARS-CoV-2 was previously known as ''n-2019-nCoV''.<ref name="WHO-QA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses | title = Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19) | last = World Health Organization | first= | authorlink = World Health Organization | date = 2020 | website = [[World Health Organization]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref><ref name="CDC-coronoviruses">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html | title = Human Coronavirus Types | last = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | first= | authorlink = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = 2020-02-27 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Li | first = Guangdi | author-link = | last2 = Clercq | first2 = Erik De | authorlink2 = | date = Mar 2020 | title = Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00016-0|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=149β150|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it | title = Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it|website=[[World Health Organization]]|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, as a result of investigations into a group of patients with the newly discovered [[COVID-19]] pneumonia.<ref name="WHO-QA" /> SARS-CoV-2 can cause COVID-19 in babies, children, and adults of any age.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wei | first = Min | last2 = Yuan | first2 = Jingping | last3 = Liu | first3 = Yu | last4 = Fu | first4 = Tao| last5 = Yu | first5 = Xue | last6 = Zhang | first6 = Zhi-Jiang| date = 2020-02-14 | title = Novel Coronavirus Infection in Hospitalized Infants Under 1 Year of Age in China|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761659|journal=JAMA|language=en|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.2131}}</ref> It spread globally, and the [[World Health Organization]] declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hui | first = David S. | last2 = Azhar | first2 = Esam I. | last3 = Madani | first3 = Tariq A. | last4 = Ntoumi | first4 = Francine| last5 = Kock | first5 = Richard | last6 = Dar | first6 = Osman | last7 = Ippolito | first7 = Giuseppe | last8 = Mchugh | first8 = Timothy D. | last9 = Memish | first9 = Ziad A. | date = 2020-02-01 | title = The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health β The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/abstract|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=English|volume=91|pages=264β266|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009|issn=1201-9712|pmid=31953166}}</ref><ref name="pandemic-declared">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 | title = WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020 | website = [[World Health Organization]]|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> {{See also|Coronavirus disease 19|Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)}}<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"></div> ==COVID-19== Some people who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 do not develop COVID-19 illness, but these [[Coronavirus_disease_19#asymptomaticcarriers|asymptomatic carriers]] can transmit it to others.<ref name="WHO-QA" /> Of those who do develop COVID-19, 1 in 6 people need medical help, and the 2019-2021 pandemic has caused a significant number of deaths.<ref name="WHO-QA" /><ref name="WHO-QA-coronavirus">{{Cite web | last = World Health Organization | first= | authorlink = World Health Organization|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses | title = Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)|website=[[World Health Organization]]|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html | title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) β Symptoms | last = CDC| date = 2020-03-20 | author-link = Centers for Disease Control|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> {{See also|Coronavirus disease 19|Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)}} ==How soap and alcohol destroy coronaviruses== [[File:How soap works coronaviruses.png|thumb|left|alt=How Soap Works on Coronaviruses. "When you wash your hands with soap and water, you surround any microorganisms on your skin with soap molecules. The hydrophobic tails of the free-floating soap molecules attempt to evade water; in the process, they wedge themselves into the lipid envelopes of certain microbes and viruses, prying them apart." - Ferris Jabr, New York Times|256x256px]] Coronaviruses, including the viruses that cause [[COVID-19]], [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]], [[influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1 flu]] (swine flu), and seasonal [[influenza|flu]], are all protected by an envelope of fat; soap molecules invade the envelope and disrupt its integrity. High concentrations of [[ethyl alcohol]] or [[isopropyl alcohol]] can strip away parts of the envelope, leading to the inaction of of the viral molecules.<ref name="CDC-disinfection">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html | title = Chemical Disinfectants {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2019-04-04 | website = Centers for Disease Control|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref><ref name="SoapNYT">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/health/soap-coronavirus-handwashing-germs.html | title = Why Soap Works | last= Jabr | first=Ferris| date = 2020-03-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2021-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Isopropyl alcohol works against all viruses enveloped in fat, and ethyl alcohol additionally works against some non-enveloped viruses such as rotaviruses, when used at the correct concentrations.<ref name="CDC-disinfection" /> {{clear}} ==Comparison with SARS and influenza== [[File:COVID-19_coronavirus_drawing.png|thumb|right|'''SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus: artistic drawing of the structure and cross-section.'''<br>Author: [https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00245-20 Dietz et al (2020), mSystems 5:e00245-20.]]] The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 illness is closely related to SARS-CoV: the coronavirus that causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.<ref name="genome">{{Cite journal | last = Chan | first=Jasper Fuk-Woo | last2 = Kok | first2 = Kin-Hang | last3 = Zhu | first3 = Zheng | last4 = Chu | first4 = Hin| last5 = To | first5 = Kelvin Kai-Wang | last6 = Yuan | first6 = Shuofeng | last7 = Yuen | first7 = Kwok-Yung | date = 2020 | title=Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987001/|journal=Emerging Microbes & Infections|volume=9|issue=1|pages=221β236|doi=10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902|issn=2222-1751|pmc=7067204|pmid=31987001}}</ref> The genome of the SARS-COV-2 virus was found to have 82% similarity with the virus that causes SARS.<ref name="genome" /> The SARS-CoV-2 virus appears to be significantly more contagious than the SARS-CoV virus that causes SARS, and spreads significantly in the community, unlike SARS-CoV which spread more in hospitals, healthcare settings and nursing homes than in the wider community.<ref name="COVID-19">{{Cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/doi/10.1093/jtm/taaa021/5735319 | title = The reproduction number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavidus | last = Liu | first = Ying | authorlink= | last2 = Gayle | first2 = Albert A. | authorlink2 = | date = Mar 2020|doi=10.1093/jtm/taaa021|pmc=PMC7074654|pmid=32052846|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | last3 = Wilder-Smith | first3 = Annelies | last4 = RocklΓΆv | first4 = Joachim|volume=27|issue=2|journal=Journal of Travel Medicine}}</ref><ref name="Wilder2019">{{Cite journal | last = Wilder-Smith | first = Annelies | last2 = Chiew | first2 = Calvin J. | last3 = Lee | first3 = Vernon J. | date = 2020-05-01 | title = Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS?|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30129-8/abstract|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|language=English|volume=20|issue=5| pages = e102βe107|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30129-8|issn=1473-3099|pmid=32145768}}</ref> The resulting COVID-19 illness has a lower risk of death than SARS, but has killed a much higher number of people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/faq.html | title = SARS {{!}} Frequently Asked Questions {{!}}| date = 2019-02-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2020-05-10 | last = | first = | authorlink = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html | title = COVID-19 Map|website=Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> Both COVID-19 and SARS are many times more likely to kill than seasonal flu illnesses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | url=https://www.livescience.com/new-coronavirus-compare-with-flu.html | title = How does the new coronavirus compare with the flu? | last = Rettner | first = Rachael| date = 2020-04-30|work=Live Science|access-date=2020-05-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-similarities-and-differences-covid-19-and-influenza | title = Q&A: Similarities and differences β COVID-19 and influenza | last = World Health Organization | first= | authorlink = | date = 2020-03-17 | website = World Health Organization|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> COVID-19 also has a much longer incubation period than the flu, so people may infect others before they are aware they are ill.<ref name=":0" /> ==Notable studies== *2020, Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2 - [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2179-y (Full text)] ==Learn more== *[http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html Coronavirus (COVID-19)] - CDC *[http://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus Coronavirus] - World Health Organization *[http://www.who.int/emergencies/novel-coronavirus-2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic] - World Health Organization *[http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19 Coronavirus (COVID-19)] - NHS '''COVID-19 vs Flu: Similarities and Differences''' *[https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/flu-vs-covid19.htm Similarities and Differences between Flu and COVID-19β] - CDC *[https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-similarities-and-differences-with-influenza Similarities and differences between COVID-19 and Influenza] - World Health Organization *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/05/why-living-with-covid-would-not-be-the-same-as-flu Why living with Covid would not be the same as flu] - The Guardian, UK ==See also== *[[COVID-19]] (Coronavirus disease 19) *[[Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome]] (SARS) ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Viruses]] [[Category:Coronaviruses]] [[Category:Virology]] [[Category:Infectious agents]] [[Category:Triggers and risk factors]]
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