Savella: Difference between revisions

From MEpedia, a crowd-sourced encyclopedia of ME and CFS science and history
(add refs, expand, tidy)
m (Text replacement - " | first" to " | first")
 
(73 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Savella''' or '''milnacipran''' (generic name) is an antidepressant that is also licensed for use in adults with [[fibromyalgia]].<ref name="drugscom-sav">{{Cite web|title =Savella |website=Drugs.com|access-date=2022-01-17|url=https://www.drugs.com/savella.html}}</ref><ref name="drugscom-miln">{{Cite web|title= Milnacipran {{!}} Prescribing information|website=Drugs.com|access-date=2022-01-17|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/milnacipran.html}}</ref> No studies have been carried out on the effectiveness of Savella in [[ME/CFS]] patients, although off-label use of psychiatric medications in ME/CFS has generally been ineffective.<ref name="Qureshi2021">{{Cite journal|title=Diagnostic Challenges and Management of Fibromyalgia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580749/|journal=Cureus|volume=13|issue=10|pages=e18692|last=Qureshi|first=Aniqa G|last2=Jha|first2=Saurav K|last3=Iskander|first3=John|last4=Avanthika|first4=Chaithanya|last5=Jhaveri|first5=Sharan|last6=Patel|first6=Vithi Hitendra|last7=Rasagna Potini|first7=Bhuvana|last8=Talha Azam|first8=Ahmad|doi=10.7759/cureus.18692|pmc=8580749|pmid=34786265|issn=2168-8184}}</ref><ref name="Kim2020">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Do-Young|author-link=|last2=Lee|first2=Jin-Seok|author-link2=|last3=Park|first3=Samuel-Young|author-link3=|last4=Kim|first4=Soo-Jin|author-link4=|last5=Son|first5=Chang-Gue|author-link5=|date=2020-01-06|title=Systematic review of randomized controlled trials for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME)|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-02196-9|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|volume=18|issue=1|pages=1-12|doi=10.1186/s12967-019-02196-9|issn=1479-5876|pmc = 6943902|pmid=31906979|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
'''Savella''' or '''milnacipran''' (generic drug name) is an antidepressant that is also licensed for use to treat [[fibromyalgia]] in adults.<ref name="drugscom-sav">{{Cite web | title = Savella |website=Drugs.com|access-date=2022-01-17|url=https://www.drugs.com/savella.html}}</ref><ref name="drugscom-miln">{{Cite web | title = Milnacipran {{!}} Prescribing information|website=Drugs.com|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/milnacipran.html|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> No studies have been carried out on the effectiveness of Savella in [[ME/CFS]] patients, although off-label use of psychiatric medications in ME/CFS has generally been ineffective.<ref name="Qureshi2021">{{Cite journal | title = Diagnostic Challenges and Management of Fibromyalgia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580749/|journal=Cureus|volume=13|issue=10| pages = e18692 | last = Qureshi | first = Aniqa G | last2 = Jha | first2 = Saurav K | last3 = Iskander | first3 = John | last4 = Avanthika | first4 = Chaithanya| last5 = Jhaveri | first5 = Sharan | last6 = Patel | first6 = Vithi Hitendra | last7 = Rasagna Potini | first7 = Bhuvana | last8 = Talha Azam | first8 = Ahmad|doi=10.7759/cureus.18692|pmc=8580749|pmid=34786265|issn=2168-8184}}</ref><ref name="Kim2020">{{Cite journal | last = Kim | first = Do-Young | author-link = | last2 = Lee | first2 = Jin-Seok | authorlink2 = | last3 = Park | first3 = Samuel-Young | authorlink3 = | last4 = Kim | first4 = Soo-Jin | author-link4 = | last5 = Son | first5 = Chang-Gue | authorlink5 = | date = 2020-01-06 | title = Systematic review of randomized controlled trials for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME)|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-02196-9|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|volume=18|issue=1|pages=1-12|doi=10.1186/s12967-019-02196-9|issn=1479-5876|pmc = 6943902|pmid=31906979|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>


==Theory==
==Theory==


==Evidence==
==Evidence==
Savella is an FDA-approved drug for adults with [[fibromyalgia]],<ref name="PI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/022256s022lbl.pdf|Savella Patient Information. Reference 4035361.|website=FDA|date=2016}}</ref> with improvements in [[pain]], [[sleep dysfunction|sleep]] and more limited improvements in [[fatigue]].
Savella is an FDA-approved drug for adults with [[fibromyalgia]],<ref name="PI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/022256s022lbl.pdf | title = Savella Patient Information. Reference 4035361.|website=FDA| date = 2016}}</ref> with improvements in [[pain]], [[sleep dysfunction|sleep]] and more limited improvements in [[fatigue]].


No clinical trials have been done for Savella/milnacipran in [[ME/CFS]].
No clinical trials have been done for Savella/milnacipran in [[ME/CFS]].
Line 13: Line 13:


==Costs and availability==
==Costs and availability==
Perscription only drug.
Perscription only drug.<ref name="drugscom-miln"/>


==Notable studies ==
==Notable studies ==


*2011, Comparative efficacy and acceptability of amitriptyline, duloxetine and milnacipran in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis<ref name="Hauser2011">{{Cite journal|title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of amitriptyline, duloxetine and milnacipran in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis|date=Mar 2011|url=https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/50/3/532/1790544|journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England)|volume=50|issue=3|pages=532–543|last=Häuser|first=Winfried|author-link=Winfried Häuser|last2=Petzke|first2=Frank|author-link2=|last3=Üçeyler|first3=Nurcan|author-link3=|last4=Sommer|first4=Claudia|author-link4=|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keq354|pmc=|pmid=21078630|access-date=|issn=1462-0332|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/50/3/532/1790544 (Full text)]
*2011, Comparative efficacy and acceptability of amitriptyline, duloxetine and milnacipran in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis<ref name="Hauser2011">{{Cite journal | title = Comparative efficacy and acceptability of amitriptyline, duloxetine and milnacipran in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis| date = Mar 2011|url=https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/50/3/532/1790544|journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England)|volume=50|issue=3|pages=532–543 | last = Häuser | first=Winfried | authorlink = Winfried Häuser | last2 = Petzke | first2 = Frank | authorlink2 = | last3 = Üçeyler | first3 = Nurcan | author-link3 = | last4 = Sommer | first4 = Claudia | author-link4 = |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keq354|pmc=|pmid=21078630|access-date=|issn=1462-0332|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/50/3/532/1790544 (Full text)]


*2014, Milnacipran versus other antidepressive agents for depression<ref name="Nakagawa2014">{{Cite journal|title=Milnacipran versus other antidepressive agents for depression|date=2009-07-08|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164845/|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|issue=3|pages=CD006529|last=Nakagawa|first=Atsuo|last2=Watanabe|first2=Norio|last3=Omori|first3=Ichiro M|last4=Barbui|first4=Corrado|last5=Cipriani|first5=Andrea|last6=McGuire|first6=Hugh|last7=Churchill|first7=Rachel|last8=Furukawa|first8=Toshi A|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006529.pub2|pmc=4164845|pmid=19588396|issn=1469-493X}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164845/ (Full text)]
*2014, Milnacipran versus other antidepressive agents for depression<ref name="Nakagawa2014">{{Cite journal | title = Milnacipran versus other antidepressive agents for depression | date = 2009-07-08|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164845/|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|issue=3|pages=CD006529 | last = Nakagawa | first=Atsuo | last2 = Watanabe | first2 = Norio | last3 = Omori | first3 = Ichiro M | last4 = Barbui | first4 = Corrado| last5 = Cipriani | first5 = Andrea | last6 = McGuire | first6 = Hugh | last7 = Churchill | first7 = Rachel | last8 = Furukawa | first8 = Toshi A|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006529.pub2|pmc=4164845|pmid=19588396|issn=1469-493X}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164845/ (Full text)]


*2014, Effects of milnacipran on the multidimensional aspects of fatigue and the relationship of fatigue to pain and function: pooled analysis of 3 fibromyalgia trials<ref name="Mease2014">{{Cite journal|title=Effects of Milnacipran on the Multidimensional Aspects of Fatigue and the Relationship of Fatigue to Pain and Function: Pooled Analysis of 3 Fibromyalgia Trials|date=Aug 2014|url=https://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Abstract/2014/06000/Effects_of_Milnacipran_on_the_Multidimensional.4.aspx|journal=JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology|volume=20|issue=4|pages=195–202|last=Mease|first=Philip J.|author-link=|last2=Palmer|first2=Robert H.|author-link2=|last3=Wang|first3=Yong|author-link3=|language=en-US|doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000103|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=1076-1608|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Fulltext/2014/06000/Effects_of_Milnacipran_on_the_Multidimensional.4.aspx (Full text)]
*2014, Effects of milnacipran on the multidimensional aspects of fatigue and the relationship of fatigue to pain and function: pooled analysis of 3 fibromyalgia trials<ref name="Mease2014">{{Cite journal | title = Effects of Milnacipran on the Multidimensional Aspects of Fatigue and the Relationship of Fatigue to Pain and Function: Pooled Analysis of 3 Fibromyalgia Trials| date = Aug 2014|url=https://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Abstract/2014/06000/Effects_of_Milnacipran_on_the_Multidimensional.4.aspx|journal=JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology|volume=20|issue=4|pages=195–202 | last = Mease | first = Philip J. | author-link = | last2 = Palmer | first2 = Robert H. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Wang | first3 = Yong | authorlink3 = |language=en-US|doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000103|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=1076-1608|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Fulltext/2014/06000/Effects_of_Milnacipran_on_the_Multidimensional.4.aspx (Full text)]


*2015, Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults<ref name="Cording2015">{{Cite journal|title=Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults|date=2015-10-20|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481368/|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2015|issue=10|pages=CD008244|last=Cording|first=Malene|last2=Derry|first2=Sheena|last3=Phillips|first3=Tudor|last4=Moore|first4=R Andrew|last5=Wiffen|first5=Philip J|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008244.pub3|pmc=6481368|pmid=26482422|issn=1469-493X}}</ref> -  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481368/ (Full text)]
*2015, Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults<ref name="Cording2015">{{Cite journal | title = Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults| date = 2015-10-20|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481368/|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2015 |issue=10|pages=CD008244 | last = Cording | first = Malene | last2 = Derry | first2 = Sheena | last3 = Phillips | first3 = Tudor | last4 = Moore | first4 = R Andrew| last5 = Wiffen | first5 = Philip J|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008244.pub3|pmc=6481368|pmid=26482422|issn=1469-493X}}</ref> -  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481368/ (Full text)]


*2015, Preliminary experience using milnacipran in patients with juvenile fibromyalgia: lessons from a clinical trial program<ref name="Arnold2015">{{Cite journal|title=Preliminary experience using milnacipran in patients with juvenile fibromyalgia: lessons from a clinical trial program|date=2015-06-26|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480575/|journal=Pediatric Rheumatology Online Journal|volume=13|issue=|pages=27|last=Arnold|first=Lesley M.|author-link=|last2=Bateman|first2=Lucinda|author-link2=Lucinda Bateman|last3=Palmer|first3=Robert H.|author-link3=|last4=Lin|first4=Yuhua|author-link4=|doi=10.1186/s12969-015-0025-9|pmc=4480575|pmid=26112278|access-date=|issn=1546-0096|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480575/ (Full text)]
*2015, Preliminary experience using milnacipran in patients with juvenile fibromyalgia: lessons from a clinical trial program<ref name="Arnold2015">{{Cite journal | title = Preliminary experience using milnacipran in patients with juvenile fibromyalgia: lessons from a clinical trial program| date = 2015-06-26|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480575/|journal=Pediatric Rheumatology Online Journal|volume=13|issue=|pages=27 | last = Arnold | first = Lesley M. | author-link = | last2 = Bateman | first2 = Lucinda | author-link2 = Lucinda Bateman | last3 = Palmer | first3 = Robert H. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Lin | first4 = Yuhua | author-link4 = |doi=10.1186/s12969-015-0025-9|pmc=4480575|pmid=26112278|access-date=|issn=1546-0096|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480575/ (Full text)]


*2016, The Effects of Milnacipran on Sleep Disturbance in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study<ref name="Ahmed2016">{{Cite journal|title=The Effects of Milnacipran on Sleep Disturbance in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study|date=2016-01-15|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702190/|journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine|volume=12|issue=1|pages=79–86|last=Ahmed|first=Mansoor|last2=Aamir|first2=Rozina|last3=Jishi|first3=Zahra|last4=Scharf|first4=Martin B.|doi=10.5664/jcsm.5400|pmc=4702190|pmid=26414990|issn=1550-9389}}</ref> -  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702190/ (Full text)]
*2016, The Effects of Milnacipran on Sleep Disturbance in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study<ref name="Ahmed2016">{{Cite journal | title = The Effects of Milnacipran on Sleep Disturbance in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study | date = 2016-01-15|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702190/|journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine|volume=12|issue=1 | pages = 79–86 | last = Ahmed | first = Mansoor | last2 = Aamir | first2 = Rozina | last3 = Jishi | first3 = Zahra | last4 = Scharf | first4 = Martin B.|doi=10.5664/jcsm.5400|pmc=4702190|pmid=26414990|issn=1550-9389}}</ref> -  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702190/ (Full text)]


*2018, Milnacipran poorly modulates pain in patients suffering from fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blind controlled study<ref name="Pickering2018">{{Cite journal|title=Milnacipran poorly modulates pain in patients suffering from fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blind controlled study|date=2018-08-10|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089099/|journal=Drug Design, Development and Therapy|volume=12|pages=2485–2496|last=Pickering|first=Gisèle|last2=Macian|first2=Nicolas|last3=Delage|first3=Noémie|last4=Picard|first4=Pascale|last5=Cardot|first5=Jean-Michel|last6=Sickout-Arondo|first6=Sophia|last7=Giron|first7=Fatiha|last8=Dualé|first8=Christian|last9=Pereira|first9=Bruno|last10=Marcaillou|first10=Fabienne|doi=10.2147/DDDT.S162810|pmc=6089099|pmid=30127596|issn=1177-8881}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089099/ (Full text)]
*2018, Milnacipran poorly modulates pain in patients suffering from fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blind controlled study<ref name="Pickering2018">{{Cite journal | title = Milnacipran poorly modulates pain in patients suffering from fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blind controlled study | date = 2018-08-10|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089099/|journal=Drug Design, Development and Therapy|volume=12|pages=2485–2496 | last = Pickering | first = Gisèle | last2 = Macian | first2 = Nicolas | last3 = Delage | first3 = Noémie | last4 = Picard | first4 = Pascale| last5 = Cardot | first5 = Jean-Michel | last6 = Sickout-Arondo | first6 = Sophia | last7 = Giron | first7 = Fatiha | last8 = Dualé | first8 = Christian | last9 = Pereira | first9 = Bruno | last10 = Marcaillou | first10 = Fabienne|doi=10.2147/DDDT.S162810|pmc=6089099|pmid=30127596|issn=1177-8881}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089099/ (Full text)]


*2018, Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia<ref name="SNRIs2018">{{Cite journal|title=Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia|date=2018-02-28|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846183/|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2018|issue=2|pages=CD010292|last=Welsch|first=Patrick|last2=Üçeyler|first2=Nurcan|last3=Klose|first3=Petra|last4=Walitt|first4=Brian|last5=Häuser|first5=Winfried|author-link5=Winfried Häuser|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010292.pub2|pmc=5846183|pmid=29489029|issn=1469-493X}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846183/ (Full text)]
*2018, Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia<ref name="SNRIs2018">{{Cite journal | title = Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia | date = 2018-02-28|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846183/|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2018|issue=2|pages=CD010292 | last = Welsch | first = Patrick | last2 = Üçeyler | first2 = Nurcan | last3 = Klose | first3 = Petra | last4 = Walitt | first4 = Brian| last5 = Häuser | first5 = Winfried | author-link5 = Winfried Häuser|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010292.pub2|pmc=5846183|pmid=29489029|issn=1469-493X}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846183/ (Full text)]


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 13:51, April 3, 2023

Savella or milnacipran (generic drug name) is an antidepressant that is also licensed for use to treat fibromyalgia in adults.[1][2] No studies have been carried out on the effectiveness of Savella in ME/CFS patients, although off-label use of psychiatric medications in ME/CFS has generally been ineffective.[3][4]

Theory[edit | edit source]

Evidence[edit | edit source]

Savella is an FDA-approved drug for adults with fibromyalgia,[5] with improvements in pain, sleep and more limited improvements in fatigue.

No clinical trials have been done for Savella/milnacipran in ME/CFS.

Clinicians[edit | edit source]

Risks and safety[edit | edit source]

Costs and availability[edit | edit source]

Perscription only drug.[2]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

  • 2011, Comparative efficacy and acceptability of amitriptyline, duloxetine and milnacipran in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis[6] - (Full text)
  • 2014, Milnacipran versus other antidepressive agents for depression[7] - (Full text)
  • 2014, Effects of milnacipran on the multidimensional aspects of fatigue and the relationship of fatigue to pain and function: pooled analysis of 3 fibromyalgia trials[8] - (Full text)
  • 2015, Preliminary experience using milnacipran in patients with juvenile fibromyalgia: lessons from a clinical trial program[10] - (Full text)
  • 2016, The Effects of Milnacipran on Sleep Disturbance in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study[11] - (Full text)
  • 2018, Milnacipran poorly modulates pain in patients suffering from fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blind controlled study[12] - (Full text)
  • 2018, Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia[13] - (Full text)

See also[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. "Savella". Drugs.com. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  2. 2.0 2.1 "Milnacipran | Prescribing information". Drugs.com. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  3. Qureshi, Aniqa G; Jha, Saurav K; Iskander, John; Avanthika, Chaithanya; Jhaveri, Sharan; Patel, Vithi Hitendra; Rasagna Potini, Bhuvana; Talha Azam, Ahmad. "Diagnostic Challenges and Management of Fibromyalgia". Cureus. 13 (10): e18692. doi:10.7759/cureus.18692. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 8580749. PMID 34786265.
  4. Kim, Do-Young; Lee, Jin-Seok; Park, Samuel-Young; Kim, Soo-Jin; Son, Chang-Gue (January 6, 2020). "Systematic review of randomized controlled trials for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME)". Journal of Translational Medicine. 18 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12967-019-02196-9. ISSN 1479-5876. PMC 6943902. PMID 31906979.
  5. "Savella Patient Information. Reference 4035361" (PDF). FDA. 2016.
  6. Häuser, Winfried; Petzke, Frank; Üçeyler, Nurcan; Sommer, Claudia (March 2011). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of amitriptyline, duloxetine and milnacipran in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis". Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 50 (3): 532–543. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keq354. ISSN 1462-0332. PMID 21078630.
  7. Nakagawa, Atsuo; Watanabe, Norio; Omori, Ichiro M; Barbui, Corrado; Cipriani, Andrea; McGuire, Hugh; Churchill, Rachel; Furukawa, Toshi A (July 8, 2009). "Milnacipran versus other antidepressive agents for depression". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (3): CD006529. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006529.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 4164845. PMID 19588396.
  8. Mease, Philip J.; Palmer, Robert H.; Wang, Yong (August 2014). "Effects of Milnacipran on the Multidimensional Aspects of Fatigue and the Relationship of Fatigue to Pain and Function: Pooled Analysis of 3 Fibromyalgia Trials". JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 20 (4): 195–202. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000103. ISSN 1076-1608.
  9. Cording, Malene; Derry, Sheena; Phillips, Tudor; Moore, R Andrew; Wiffen, Philip J (October 20, 2015). "Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (10): CD008244. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008244.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6481368. PMID 26482422.
  10. Arnold, Lesley M.; Bateman, Lucinda; Palmer, Robert H.; Lin, Yuhua (June 26, 2015). "Preliminary experience using milnacipran in patients with juvenile fibromyalgia: lessons from a clinical trial program". Pediatric Rheumatology Online Journal. 13: 27. doi:10.1186/s12969-015-0025-9. ISSN 1546-0096. PMC 4480575. PMID 26112278.
  11. Ahmed, Mansoor; Aamir, Rozina; Jishi, Zahra; Scharf, Martin B. (January 15, 2016). "The Effects of Milnacipran on Sleep Disturbance in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Study". Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 12 (1): 79–86. doi:10.5664/jcsm.5400. ISSN 1550-9389. PMC 4702190. PMID 26414990.
  12. Pickering, Gisèle; Macian, Nicolas; Delage, Noémie; Picard, Pascale; Cardot, Jean-Michel; Sickout-Arondo, Sophia; Giron, Fatiha; Dualé, Christian; Pereira, Bruno; Marcaillou, Fabienne (August 10, 2018). "Milnacipran poorly modulates pain in patients suffering from fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blind controlled study". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 12: 2485–2496. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S162810. ISSN 1177-8881. PMC 6089099. PMID 30127596.
  13. Welsch, Patrick; Üçeyler, Nurcan; Klose, Petra; Walitt, Brian; Häuser, Winfried (February 28, 2018). "Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (2): CD010292. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010292.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 5846183. PMID 29489029.