Single-photon emission computed tomography

File:Examples of Brain Spect.png

Source: dashascienceclass/spect-scan

Source: NeuroSPECT of Florida

Single-photon emission computed tomography, abbreviated SPECT or SPET, is a nuclear medicine imaging test. It is used to obtain 3-D images of many body systems, however, the one used specifically for ME/CFS is a brain scan. At present time, the use of SPECT brain scans for ME/CFS is mostly in clinical studies of the pathophysiology of ME/CFS. It is not needed for diagnosis nor is it used as a treatment.

For general info about SPECT please see the Wikipedia page : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography

SPECT studies of interest related to ME/CFS

1992: A study at the Department of Radiology (Division of Nuclear Medicine), University of Toronto, Canada stated: "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was assessed in 60 clinically defined CFS patients and 14 normal control (NC) subjects using 99Tcm-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99Tcm-HMPAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Compared with the NC group, the CFS group showed significantly lower cortical/cerebellar rCBF ratios, throughout multiple brain regions (P < 0.05). Forty-eight CFS subjects (80%) showed at least one or more rCBF ratios significantly less than normal values. The major cerebral regions involved were frontal (38 cases, 63%), temporal (21 cases, 35%), parietal (32 cases, 53%) and occipital lobes (23 cases, 38%). The rCBF ratios of basal ganglia (24 cases, 40%) were also reduced. 99Tcm-HMPAO brain SPECT provided objective evidence for functional impairment of the brain in the majority of the CFS subjects."

Authors: Ichise M1, Salit IE, Abbey SE, Chung DG, Gray B, Kirsh JC, Freedman M.

Publication: Nuclear Medicine Communication. 1992 Oct;13(10):767-72

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1491843

1994: A study at the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, showed that "Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome had significantly more defects throughout the cerebral cortex on SPECT scans than did normal subjects (7.31 vs 0.43 defects per subject, p < .001). SPECT abnormalities were present in 13 (81%) of 16 patients, vs three (21%) of 14 control subjects (p < .01). SPECT scans showed significantly more abnormalities than did MR scans in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (p < .025)."

Authors: Schwartz RB, Garada BM, Komaroff AL, Tice HM, Gleit M, Jolesz FA, Holman BL.

Publication: American Journal of Roentgenology. 1994 Apr;162(4):935-41.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8141020

1994: A study done at the Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN concluded: "Serum TGF-beta and cerebral blood flow abnormalities, detected by single-photon emission-computed tomographic scanning, were accentuated postexercise in the CFS group. Although these findings were not significantly different from those in the control group, the effect of exercise on serum TGF-beta and cerebral blood flow appeared magnified in the CFS patients."

Authors: Peterson PK, Sirr SA, Grammith FC, Schenck CH, Pheley AM, Hu S, Chao CC.

Publication: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1994 Mar;1(2):222-6.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7496949

1995: A study done at the Department of Psychiatry, UCL Medical School, London using SPET concluded: "An initial pilot study revealed widespread reduction of regional brain perfusion in 24 ME/CFS patients, compared with 24 normal volunteers." A second test was done on 67 patients with ME/CFS and that study showed: "Brain-stem hypoperfusion was confirmed in all ME/CFS patients....Patients with ME/CFS have a generalized reduction of brain perfusion, with a particular pattern of hypoperfusion of the brainstem."

Authors: Costa DC, Tannock C, Brostoff J.

Publication: Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1995 Nov;88(11):767-73.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8542261

1998: A study done at the Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, New York, NY used eighteen patients (14 females, 4 males), who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the Centers for Disease Control for chronic fatigue syndrome. They concluded that: "Thirteen patients had abnormal SPET brain perfusion scans and five had normal scans."

Authors: Abu-Judeh HH, Levine S, Kumar M, el-Zeftawy H, Naddaf S, Lou JQ, Abdel-Dayem HM.

Publication: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1998 Nov;19(11):1065-71.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9861623

2003: A study at the College of Health Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas on 15 subjects with CFS and 15 healthy persons was done twice, at rest and when performing the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Results showed: "No group differences were found for performance on the PASAT despite CFS subjects' perceptions of exerting more mental effort to perform the task than healthy subjects. Inspection of the aggregate scans by group and task suggested a pattern of diffuse regional cerebral blood flow among subjects with CFS in comparison with the more focal pattern of regional cerebral blood flow seen among healthy subjects. Between-group region-of-interest analysis revealed that although CFS subjects showed less perfusion in the anterior cingulate region, the change in CFS subjects' activation of the left anterior cingulate region during the PASAT was greater than that observed for healthy subjects. The differences were not attributable to lesser effort by the subjects with CFS, confounding effects of mood perturbation, or to poorer performance on the experimental task."

Authors: Schmaling KB, Lewis DH, Fiedelak JI, Mahurin R, Buchwald DS.

Publication: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2003 Jan-Feb;65(1):129-36.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12554824

2006: A study at the Department of Neurosciences, Fatigue Research Center, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark stated: "Xenon-computed tomography blood flow studies were done on 25 CFS patients and seven healthy controls. Analyses were done after stratifying the CFS patients based on the presence or absence of a current psychiatric disorder. Flow was diminished in both groups as follows: patients with no current psychiatric disorders had reduced cortical blood flow in the distribution of both right and left middle cerebral arteries (P<0.05 for both) while those with current psychiatric disorders had reduced blood flow only in the left middle cerebral artery territory (P<0.05). These data indicate that patients with CFS have reduced absolute cortical blood flow in rather broad areas when compared with data from healthy controls and that those devoid of psychopathology had the most reductions in cortical flow. These data support, in part, our earlier findings that patients devoid of psychopathology are the group most at risk of having some of the symptoms of CFS due to brain dysfunction."

Authors: Yoshiuchi K, Farkas J, Natelson BH.

Publication: Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2006 Mar;26(2):83-6.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494597

cerebral blood flow (CBF) - the amount of blood that goes through the arterial tree in the brain in a given amount of time

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) - The amount of blood flow to a specific area of the brain in a particular period of time.

cerebellum A part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, beneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Its name reflects the fact that it looks like a smaller version of the cerebrum. Its main known functions are the coordination of unconscious muscle movements and the maintenance of body positional equilibrium.

cerebral 1. of or relating to the brain or the intellect 2. of, relating to, affecting, or being the cerebrum.

ganglion A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. Plural: ganglia / ganglions

serum The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood plasma after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. (Blood plasma is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)

β β / Β. Greek letter beta (a symbol used in science), equivalent to "b".

serum The clear yellowish fluid that remains from blood plasma after clotting factors have been removed by clot formation. (Blood plasma is simply blood that has had its blood cells removed.)

brainstem Region of the midbrain in adults, includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and develops.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a U.S. government agency dedicated to epidemiology and public health. It operates under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services.

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) - The amount of blood flow to a specific area of the brain in a particular period of time.

somatic symptom disorder A psychiatric term to describe an alleged condition whereby a person's thoughts somehow cause physical symptoms. The actual existence of such a condition is highly controversial, due to a lack of scientific evidence. It is related to other psychiatric terms, such as "psychosomatic", "neurasthenia", and "hysteria". Older terms include "somatization", "somatoform disorder", and "conversion disorder". Such terms refer to a scientifically-unsupported theory that claims that a wide range of physical symptoms can be created by the human mind, a theory which has been criticized as "mind over matter" parapsychology, a pseudoscience.