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Photophobia
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==Possible causes== Photophobia can be caused by the pupil dilating rather than contracting when exposed to a light source. Pupil dilation is controlled by the [[sympathetic nervous system]], which is usually hyper-responsive in people with ME/CFS due to an excess of excitatory [[neurotransmitters]].<ref name="Verrillo1" /> A [[magnesium]] deficiency can cause photophobia, and such deficiency is common in ME/CFS.<ref name="durlach" /> This can be resolved with appropriate magnesium supplementation. Some medications have photophobia listed as a side effect, notably [[Benzodiazepine|benzodiazepines]].<ref>{{citation |vauthors=Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J |url=https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.2003.019869 | title = Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=75 |issue=3 | pages = 506–7 | date = March 2004 |pmid=14966178 |doi= 10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869}}</ref><ref>{{citation |journal=Encephale | date = Mar–Apr 1994 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=147–57 | title = [Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects] |url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7914165 | last = Pelissolo | first = A | last2 = Bisserbe | first2 = JC |pmid=7914165 }}</ref> Photophobia can also often caused by illnesses that are common comorbidities of ME/CFS, such as [[migraine]],<ref>{{citation | last = Drummond | first = PD | title = A quantitative assessment of photophobia in migraine and tension headache |journal=Headache |volume=26 |issue=9 | pages = 465–9 | date = October 1986 |pmid=3781834 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2609465.x|url = https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1526-4610.1986.hed2609465.x }}</ref> [[fibromyalgia]],<ref name="PMC3485070" /> [[dry eye syndrome|dry eyes]],<ref name="PMC3485070">{{Cite journal | title = Shedding Light on Photophobia | date = Mar 2012|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485070/|journal=Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society|volume=32|issue=1 | pages = 68–81 | last = Digre | first = Kathleen B. | author-link = | last2 = Brennan | first2 = K.C. | authorlink2 = |doi=10.1097/WNO.0b013e3182474548|pmc=3485070|pmid=22330853|access-date=|issn=1070-8022|quote=|via=}}</ref> idiopathic [[intracranial hypertension]] which can occur in [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]<ref name="IIH">{{Cite journal | title = Neurological and spinal manifestations of the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes | date = 2017 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajmg.c.31549|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics|volume=175|issue=1|pages=195–211 | last = Henderson | first = Fraser C. | last2 = Austin | first2 = Claudiu | last3 = Benzel | first3 = Edward | last4 = Bolognese | first4 = Paolo | last5 = Ellenbogen | first5 = Richard | last6 = Francomano | first6 = Clair A. | last7 = Ireton | first7 = Candace | last8 = Klinge | first8 = Petra | last9 = Koby | first9 = Myles | last10 = Long | first10 = Donlin | last11 = Patel | first11 = Sunil|language=en|doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.31549|issn=1552-4876}}</ref>, [[infectious mononucleosis]] (although this not common),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001617/ | title = Mononucleosis | last = A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia | date = May 15, 2012 | website = PubMed Health|language=en|access-date=2018-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118161429/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001617/|archive-date=2013-01-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |doi=10.1093/brain/88.2.323 | last1 = Gauthier-Smith | first1 = P.C. | date = Dec 22, 2004 |url = https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2F88.2.323 | title = Neurological complications of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) |journal=Brain |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=323–334 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pmid=5828906}}</ref> [[chiari malformation]],<ref name="NHS-chiari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chiari-malformation/ | title = Chiari malformation | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2017-10-18 | website = National Health Service|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-12-27}}</ref> [[dyslexia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rnib.org.uk/EYEHEALTH/EYECONDITIONS/EYECONDITIONSDN/Pages/photophobia.aspx | title = Light sensitivity — photophobia |publisher=Royal National Institute of Blind People }}</ref>, and [[lyme disease]].{{citation needed}}
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